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Family Tree Diagram : O'Connell

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child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) Marriage (two children) Marriage (a child) Marriage (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) (two children) (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) Marriage (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) (two children) Marriage (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) Marriage (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) (a child) 1692 - 1743 Samuel Aborne 51 51 1645 Moses Aborne 1754 Martha Aborns 1611 - 1699 Samuel Aborne 88 88 1727 Samuel Aborne Baptized 4-6-1727 at First Church, Salem, MA Alice ? ~1568 Amy ? see  burial info. on death card Amy ? 1528 - 1609 Jane Armyas 81 81 ~1505 John Amyas Ann ? Annabelle ? John Bancroft D. 1637 John Bancroft 1695 - 1762 Martha Bancroft 66 66 ~1570 - 1626 Thomas Bancroft 56 56 1656 - 1739 John Bancroft 82 82 ~1547 Ralphe Bancroft 1622 - 1691 Thomas Bancroft 69 69 Rachel Barnum 1825 - 1892 John Bannister Goodnow Baxter 67 67 Born in either Vermont or New York 1681 - 1723 Francis Baxter 42 42 Emigration: 1698 Emigrated with his young wife to Martha's Vineyard; 1715 Simon the Loyalist says his grandfather (Francis) emigrated from Scotland after the rebellion in 1715 in which he had been engaged.
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http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jcahill/fcbaxter.htm
1. Francis C. Baxter was born in 1681. He married (--?--) (--?--) in 1697. He died on 10 Oct 1723 at Brimfield, Hampden County, Mass. He was killed by a gun in the hands of a person named Johnson.

This doesn't fit with the birth of his son Simon in 1697 on Martha's Vineyard. In the 1690's William of Orange defeated supporters of James II in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Is this the wrong side that Francis backed and caused them to emigrate? (GFC comment).

Children:
Simon Baxter b: ABT. 1697 in Martha's Vineyard Island, Dukes, MA
William Baxter b: ABT. 1714 in Hebron, Tolland, CT
Mary Baxter b: 1716
Francis Baxter b: 14 JAN 1717/18 in Hebron, Tolland, CT

Sources:
Title: family papers in possession of Constance Baker Bowen
Baker Family papers in possession of Constance Baker Bowen (cites Baxter Family Genealogy, Chaffee Family Genealogy, and History of Enfield, CT)
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jcahill/fcbaxter.htm
http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=lzahirsky&id=I2016
http://www.geocities.com/bowenbret/  1787 - 1874 Elihu Benton Baxter 87 87 1893 - 1977 Ruth Leanora Baxter 84 84 1758 - 1810 Alexander Baxter 52 52 1854 - 1928 Gideon Hawley Baxter 74 74 1717 - 1808 Rev Francis Baxter 91 91 Baker Family papers:
Family of Francis Baxter:
1) Mary (d. 18 May 1764, Enfield CT)
2) Abigail (Abarns) Saxton/Sexton 1 Oct 1764 Enfield, Hartford, CT
2) Sarah Ellsworth
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http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jcahill/francis.htm
Francis Baxter, son of Francis C. Baxter and an unknown mother, was born circa 1707 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut. He was born on 14 Jan 1717/18 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut. He married Mary Maxwell. He married Sarah Mackfield. He married Abigail Aborns Saxton on 3 Jun 1766.

Joseph Nickerson Baxter lists his second marriage as (?) Saxton.

He died circa 1795; calculated from given year of birth and age of 88 at death. (GFC comment). He died on 14 Jan 1808 at age 90.

Children of Francis1 Baxter and Mary Maxwell were:

i. Mary2; born 23 Oct 1740; died before 1755; Probably died young as her father named another daughter Mary in 1755.
Children of Francis1 Baxter and Sarah Mackfield were as follows:

2. i. Francis2 Jr., born 3 Feb 1741/42 at Connecticut; married Sarah Ellsworth.
ii. Witty; married Edward Wood; They had one son and two daughters.
iii. Miriam; born 9 Dec 1750.
iv. Moses; born 9 Dec 1750; died; Probably died young.
3. v. Moses, born 29 Feb 1752 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut; married Comfort Chaffee.
vi. Mary; born 2 Mar 1755; Mary Baxter married (--?--) Townsend of at Wilbraham, Hampden County, Mass.
4. vii. Alexander, born 13 Jan 1758 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut; married Martha Aborns.
5. viii. Benjamin, born 4 Mar 1760; married Mabel Brown; married Hannah Hale.
ix. David; born 2 Aug 1765; David Baxter married Irene Parsons of at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut; died 9 May 1785 at age 19.
x. Margaret; married Abiel Hancock 07 Mar/Sep 1781 at Springfield, Hampden County, Mass, The IGI cites two references one giving March and the other September for the month of the marriage.
J.N. Baxter says Abiel Hancock was from Longmeadow, Mass. and that they had four sons; born 25 Feb 1784; Margaret's birthdate of 1784 is inconsistent for her to be daughter of wife Mary who died 1764 and Francis remarrying Abigail circa 1766. ???

Children of Francis Baxter and Abigail Aborns Saxton were as follows:

i. Sarah; born 24 May 1767; married Elizur Talcott Jr. 13 Jan 1791 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, J. N. Baxter gives his name as Eliezer Talcot, of Dalton Mass.
6. ii. William, born 23 Mar 1769 at Enfield, Hartford County, Connecticut; married Ruth Aborns.

Marriage 1: Sarah Mackfield
Children:
Francis Baxter , Jr. b: 3 FEB 1741/42 in CT
Witty Baxter
Miriam Baxter b: 9 DEC 1750
Moses Baxter b: 9 DEC 1750
Moses Baxter b: 29 FEB 1751/52 in Enfield, Hartford, CT
Mary Baxter b: 2 MAR 1755
Alexander Baxter b: 13 JAN 1758 in Enfield, Hartford, CT
Benjamin Baxter b: 4 MAR 1760
David Baxter b: 2 AUG 1765
Margaret Baxter

Marriage 2: Mary
Children:
Mary Baxter b: 23 OCT 1740

Marriage 3: Abigail Aborns Saxton 7 MAY 1764 in Enfield, Hartford, CT
Children:
Sarah Baxter b: 12 MAY 1767 in Enfield, Hartford, CT
William Baxter b: 23 MAR 1769 in Enfield, Hartford, CT

Sources:
Title: Baker Family papers in possession of Constance Baker Bowen (cites Baxter Family Genealogy, Chaffee Family Genealogy, and History of Enfield, CT)
Repository:
Media: Book
"Short Notes on the Baker Family: Clark, Comstock, Baxter, Chaffee, Brown, and Mason" compiled by George Comstock Baker, LL.M., 1896.
Baker Family papers in possession of Constance Baker Bowen (cites Baxter Family Genealogy, Chaffee Family Genealogy, and History of Enfield, CT)
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jcahill/francis.htm Elizabeth Benslye Abigail Birchard 1632 - ~1693 Elizabeth Black 61 61 "Gilberts of New England" edited by Geoffrey Gilbert (Victoria, BC, 1959) contains the following notes by C.A. Torrey:
"Widow Elizabeth Gilbert married (2) 24 Sep. 1658 William Raynor, who died 26 Oct. 1672 at Marblehead, Mass. She was mentioned as his widow 25 Mar. 1673. Her third husband, to whom she was married probably in 1673, was Henry Kimball (son of Richard). He died before June 1676, when the inventory of his estate was taken. It mentions 'remainder of legacies to Humphrey Gilbert's children' and 'land belonging to Humphrey Gilbert's farm, which William Raynor rec'd of Thomas Fiske'. The widow Elizabeth signed an agreement about his estate 26 Sep. 1676. She married (4) 25 Dec. 1679, as second wife, Daniel Kilham. She was living in 1686 but died before 29, Mar. 1693, when Daniel Kilham married his third wife at Topsfield, Mass."

The following article 'Humphrey Gilbert's Second Wife' by Clarence Almon Torrey appeared in "The American Genealogist" (vol. 17, no. 1) in July, 1940:
"Humphrey Gilbert of Ipswich, Massachusetts, deposed in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Court, Dec. 18, 1651, aged about thirty-eight years, from which,it appears that be was born in or about 1616. His will, dated Feb. 14, 1657/8, was proved March 30, 1658. The inventory of his estate was taken March 10, 1657/8 (Essex Connty, Massachusetts, Probate Records, Vol. 1, pages 264-265).
"He left a widow Elizabeth, son John, daughters Hannah, Martha, Mary and Abigail. Birth dates of his children are lacking, but Hannah deposed in 1670, aged about twenty-four years age (Essex County Court Records, vol. 4, p. 264), hence born about 1646, and Martha deposed Nov. 23, 1668, aged about nineteen (Ibid, vol. 4 page 84), and April 21, 1670, aged 21 (Ibid, vol. 4, page 242), hence born in or about 1651 and Abigail about 1653.
"From Essex County Probate Records (vol. 1, pages 265-266), it appears that Humphrey Gilbert's first wife gave her daughters 'several things' on her death bed. Daughter 'Hauna' is mentioned but the other daughters are not named. This implies that at least two daughters were by his first wife, and Mary was probably her daughter. It is uncertain whether Abigail was by his first wife, whose name has not been found by the writer, or by his second wife Elizabeth, who was the mother of his son John.
"Humphrey Gilbert's widow married second, at Ipswich, Sept. 24, 1658, William Raynor, who died at Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 26, 1672. Administration on his estate was granted to his widow Elizabeth, March 25, 1673. Six children are mentioned in the probate records (Essex County Probate Records, vol. 2, pages 326-327). Subsequently, she married third, as his second wife, Henry Kimball. He died before June 16, 1676, when the inventory of his estate was taken. His widow Elizabeth was appointed administratrix of his estate June 30, 1676, and signed an agreement Sept. 26, 1676. The inventory mentions 'Remainder of Legacies belonging to Humphrey Gilbert's children' and 'Land belonging to Humphrey Gilbert's farm which William Rayner Recd. of Thomas Fiske' (Essex County Probate Records, vol. 3, pages 74-75). Elizabeth's fourth husband was Daniel Kilham, or Killam senior, to whom she was married by 1679, and she was living in 1686 (Essex Institute Historical Collections, vol. 49, page 215). She died before March 29, 1693 When Daniel Kilham married third, Rebecca Smith, according to Topsfield, Mass., vitals records. In Wenham, Mass. death records her baptismal name appears as Mary. Daniel Kilham had a fourth wife.
"John Black, senior, [of Beverly, Mass.], died intestate March 16, 1674/5. Administration on his estate was granted July 20, 1675, to his son John, who was ordered to make payments to hid sisters Eliza Kemboll, Pearcis Follett and Lydia Davis (Essex County, Mass., Probate Records, vol. 3, page 9).
"Evidently, the sister Eliza [Elizabeth] was the wife of Henry Kimball, who was the only Kimball in Essex County who had wife Elizabeth in 1675.
"Salem, Mass., church records mention the baptisms of three daughters of John Black: Lydia, Dec. 25, 1636, another Lydia June 3, 1638, and a daughter not named in the record, Nov. 27 1640.
"From the probate records it appears that Lydia, baptized June 3, 1638, was the youngest daughter living in 1675. Persis Black who married Robert Follett, Nov. 29, 1655, was younger than Elizabeth. Presumably, Elizabeth was born about 1632 and Persis about 1634.
"John Black's wife is not mentioned in Essex County Probate Records, Court Records, or in Perley's History of Salem. It is believed that she was the Susanna Black, who with her husband John Black, joined the church at Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 4 1634/5 (Wyman's Charlestown, page 86). Sept. 9, 1645, John Black, aged 54, was exempted from military training (Essex County Court Records, vol. 1, page 84).
"As nearly as can be ascertained, Humphrey Gilbert's son John, by his second wife Elizabeth Black, was born in or about 1656." 1930 - 2001 Theodore Brassard 71 71 ~1528 - >1549 Sarah Brayne 21 21 Bridget D. 1653 Thomas Brigham ~1574 - 1621 John Brigham 47 47 ~1638 - ~1676 Mary Brigham 38 38 ~1627 - 1688 Mary Bronson 61 61 Martha Burr Samuel Burr Elijah Calkins 1825 - 1917 Leanora Calkins 91 91 ~1600 Hugh Calkins 1699 John Calkins 1803 Ransom Calkins 1661 John Calkins 1764 - 1838 Elijah Calkins 74 74 1634 - 1702 John Calkins 68 68 Catherine ? D. ~1684 Catherine ? 1602 - 1686 Elizabeth Chileab 84 84 1794 - 1883 Clarissa Ludlow 88 88 1839 Maria Cummins 1620 - 1643 Isabella Cutter 23 23 ~1575 Samuel Cutter ~1607 - 1673 William Eaton 66 66  William Eaton and Martha Jenkins immigrated , departing from Sandwich, Kent, England., arriving 9 June 1637. Their children Martha, Alba and John traveled with them.  He became a freeman on 18 May 1653 in Reading.  He left a will on 26 September 1672.  His will was proved/probated on 11 June 1673. 1575 - 1658 Peter Eaton 83 83 1662 - 1704 Elizabeth Eaton 41 41 Elizabeth Eaton
b. 
Reading, MA
  1540 - 1622 William Eaton 82 82 1635 - 1695 John Eaton 59 59 Eleanor ? ~1503 Elizabeth ? Peter Ellwyn Sarah Ellwyn ~1511 William Ellwyn Thomas Elwyn ~1574 Rebecca Errington ? Errington 1694 Bathsheba Fay died poss. Bennington, VT 1669 - 1747 John Fay 77 77 1648 - 1690 John Fay 42 42 ~1330 - 1391 Thomas Del Felde 61 61 William Felde D. 1300 John Del Felde D. 1480 William Felde ~1278 Thomas Del Felde ~1360 Thomas Del Felde ~1240 Roger Del Felde Descended from Sir Hubertus De La Felde from France___head of the family which settled in Lancaster and Kent Counties.  He resided in Sowerby, England. 1717 - 1791 Elisha Fields 74 74 Place of birth could be Sunderland, MA ~1568 John Fields 1689 - 1754 Joseph Fields 64 64 1790 - 12 APR 186 Clarissa Fields died poss. Coin, IA  or  Burns, WI 1525 - <1587 John Fields 62 62 1658 - 1736 Joseph Fields 78 78 1764 - 1852 Elisha Fields 87 87 1500 - 1542 Richard Fields 42 42 1596 - 1666 Zechariah Fields 70 70 ~1649 - 1735 Abigail Gilbert 86 86 ~1616 - 1658 Humphrey Gilbert 42 42 Children:
Martha Gilbert
Hannah Gilbert
Mary Gilbert b: 14 Feb 1648/1649 in Salem, Essex, MA
Abigail Gilbert b: 1649 in Salem, Essex, MA
John Gilbert b: 1656/1657 in Ipswich, Essex, MA 1620 - 1711 Sarah Heath 91 91 ~1715 Susannah Hoffman Margaret Hollingsworth ~1785 - 1869 Hannah House 84 84 1687 Anna (Maria) Margaretha Huffner Prob. b. in Spielberg, Germany Conrad Huffner He was from Hesseldorf, Ger. Sarah Huntington There is another Sarah Huntington(#209) listed as the wife of John
Calkins III, mother-in-law of Sarah listed above as                  

#l05.--  poss. error in
information listed from cousins in Oregon. Sarah Huntington See Sarah Huntington error poss. in information from records

in Oregon. D. 1693 Mercey Hurd ~1618 John Hurd 1547 - 1584 Jane Hussey 37 37 1691 - 1743 Samuel Ingham 52 52 1731 Mary Ingham Isabelle ? Jane ? Jane ? D. 1680 Martha Jenkins Baptized 23-11-1605 ~1568 - 1624 Edward Jenkins 56 56 ~1525 - 1579 Henry Jenkins 54 54 1827 - 1918 Theodosia Leonard Joy 90 90 1792 - 1873 Deacon Ira Joy 80 80 Children:
Maria C. Cogswell
Mary W. Joy
Melinda M. Salisbury
Julia A. Morehouse
Clara Joy  1527 - 1601 William Kendall 74 74 1617 - 1681 Thomas Kendall 64 64 Listed as Deacon Thomas Kendall-----one of orig. settlers of Reading
MA ~1580 - 1660 John Kendall 80 80 death is rec. by Mormons as being in Cambridge Eng. , but that is
most likely wrong because his wife's death is rec. as MA in 1640 
Cambridge. ~1548 - 1628 John Kendall 80 80 1642 - 1688 Elizabeth Kendall 46 46 1722 - 1811 Elijah Kirkham 89 89 Possibility died 30-6-1803 Whiting, VT Henry Kirkham prob. born in Wethersfield, Conn.
died after the revolution Thomas Kirkham prob. born in Wethersfield, Conn. 1770 - 1835 Ruth Kirkham 65 65 The Marlboro listed above could poss. be in Connecticut , acc. to
Mrs. Tripp in her letter to me.  Not looked into yet. 3-31-97 Thomas Kirkham 1719 Henry Koon 1823 Henry Koon ~1675 Valentin Koon prob. from Annesburg area of the Palatine 1788 - 1839 John Koon 51 51 1749 - 1814 John Koon 64 64 1855 - 1940 Clara Hannah Koon 85 85 BET 1578 AND 1580 - 1664 Elizabeth Leatherhead 1615 - 1676 John Leonard 61 61 He was killed by the Indians in 1676, and his widow married February 21, 1677, Benjamin PARSONS, and third, November 3, 1690, Peter TILTON of Hadley, and died November 23, 1711. Their children were:--

   John, b. August 25, 1641, d. June 22, 1648.
   Joseph, b. March 17, 1643, d. May 20, 1643.
   Joseph, b. May 20, 1644, had six wives.
   Sarah, b. December 13, 1645, m. John KEEP.
   Mary, b. September 14, 1647, m. Samuel BLISS, Sr.
   Martha, b. April 15, 1649, m. Benjamin WAITE.
   Lydia, b. October 20, 1650, m. John DUMBLETON, and second, Joseph BEDORTHA.
   John, b. September 10, 1652, d. March 13, 1663.
   Benjamin, b. September 5, 1654, m. Sarah SCOTT.
   Abel, b. July 22, 1656, m. Mary REMINGTON.
   Josiah, b. March 28, 1658, m. Sarah DUMBLETON.
   Hannah, b. February 19, 1659, m. Daniel DENTON.
   Rebecca, b. May 26, 1661, m. Thomas MILLER, and 2nd, Samuel BILLINGS.
   Deborah, b. October 1, 1663. In the distribution of the estate in 1718, she is called Deborah LOOF.
   Rachael, b. November 6, 1665, m. Thomas HANCOCK. 1649 - 1677 Martha Leonard 28 28 Lucy ? 1819 - 1884 Patrick Maley 65 65 Michael Maley 1864 - 1943 Katherine Maley 78 78 Margaret ? Margaret ? 1695 - 1762 Martha ? 67 67 Mary Stanley D. 1764 Mary Maxwell Scotland is listed above beause of Elihu B. Baxter's narrative. BET 1586 AND 1590 - 1664 Michael Metcalf ~1545 Leonard Metcalf ~1519 Brian Metcalf 1626 - 1711 Elizabeth Metcalf 84 84 1553 Mary Miles 1589 - 1632 Leah Mullins 43 43 ~1579 Barbary Mumford 1930 - 2008 Patricia Anne O'Connell 78 78 1895 - 1974 John Daniel O'Connell 79 79 1857 - 1930 William Francis O'Connell 72 72 James O'Connell 1618 - 1703 Rebecca Paine 85 85 1563 - 1618 John Palgrave 55 55 one record states b. St. Mary Magdelen, Pulham, Eng-----christened in

Pulham, Norfolk, Eng.. 

buried 15-9-1618 1618 - 1695 Mary Palgrave 77 77 Richard Palgrave D. 1668 William Partridge ~1645 Mary Partridge Elizabeth Patterson ~1571 - 1605 Mary Phillips 34 34 1726 - 1809 Betty Pratt 82 82 1691 John Pratt John Pratt D. ~1692 Thomas Pratt Mary Quinn D. 1838 Keziah Rogers Sarah Royce Ruth ? ~1584 - 1640 Elizabeth Sacherell 56 56 I Question the birthplace -- see place of death? Henry Sacherell 1751 - 1805 Sarah Salisbury 54 54 1602 - 1680 Samuel Smith 78 78 1625 - 1680 Mary Smith 55 55 1697 - 1767 Mary Smith 69 69 1575 Samuel Smith 1670 - 1752 Joseph Smith 82 82 Samuel Smith 1615 - 1701 Catherine Smith 86 86 1637 - 1676 John Smith 39 39 ? Sothern ~1570 Jane Stotwell Susannah ? 1609 - 1682 Thomas Sweetman 73 73 1647 Elizabeth Sweetman ~1601 Thomas Waite 1678 - 1749 Canada Waite 71 71 1644 - 1704 Benjamin Waite 60 60 ~1500 - ~1568 John Watson 68 68 John Watson ~1578 - 1615 Constance Watson 36 36 1537 - 1615 James Watson 78 78 Molly Webster Anna Catherina Weis ~1661 Melchior Weis Baptized 28-4-1661 Jacob Weis He came from Spielberg, Ger. 1633 - 1697 John Wellington 64 64 ~1609 - 1698 Roger Wellington 89 89 1673 - 1729 Elizabeth Wellington 55 55 ~1646 - ~1709 Benjamin Wellington 63 63 Stephen Wyatt 1663 - 1722 Joanna Wyatt 59 59 BET 1620 AND 1630 - 1608 John Wyatt 1600 - 1680 John Brownson 80 80 John Brownson, whose descendants later spelled the name variously Brunson, Bronson, Brounson, was born about 1600 and baptized 21 September 1602 at Lamarsh, Essex Co., England.  He died before 28 November 1680 in Farmington, Hartford Co., Connecticut, the date his estate inventory was taken.  On 19 November 1626 at Halstead, Essex Co., England, he married Francis Hills.   He married Hannah Scott 24 October 1664 in Essex, England, reportedly outliving him, dying on 4 December 1711.

    In 1635, John accompanied his brother Richard and sister Mary aboard the ship Defense, landing in Boston, Massachusetts, on 8 October 1635.  They traveled with Rev. Hooker and his congregation in 1636 and were among the first settlers of Hartford, Hartford Co., Connecticut.  In the records of that town, the family name is usually spelled Brunson and so John is recorded on his 1637 enlistment papers for the Pequot War.

    In 1640 John's house lot was located in "Soldiers' Field" on the Neck Road in the northern part of the village, bounded on the ast by the road, to the north by Richard Church's property, and to the south by WIlliam Heaton's lot.  On 9 November 1640, John and Andrew Warner were both fined five shillings for "putting their hogs over the Great RIver, and five shillings for every day they left them there."
    Early after Tunxis, later known as Farmington, was purchased by the Hartford settlers, John moved there, about 1641, and lived on a road a half-mile east of the village.  On 7 March 1649/1650 and on 15 May 1650, he served on the Grand Jury.  In May 1651, October 1655, May 1656, and October 1656, he served as Deputy from Farmington to the Connecticut General Court.  On 13 October 1652, John helped organize the Farmington Church.  He was also the Constable that year and was responsible for collecting the "rate" or tax for the Fort at Seabrook.  In 1659, his name is found on the list of freeman in the town.  In 1670 he was awarded 20 shillings from a group of Indians that had stolen cider from him.

Children:

Mary, born 1627.  Mary Bronson married 4 times: John Wyatt, John Graves, William Allis , Samuel Gaylord.  She married John Wyatt about 1647 [Source: "The Brownson, Bronson, or Brunson Family of Earl's Colne, Essex, England, Connecticut, and South Carolina" Author: Coddington, John Insley, Publication: The American Genealogist, Whole Number 152, Volume 38, No 4, October, 1962].
John, born 1628, died in infancy
John, born 1631, died 1632
Dorcas, born 1633; married Stephen Hopkins
Sarah, born 1639 in Hartford, Hartford Co., Connecticut, died 4 December 1711 in Glastonbury, Hartford Co., Connecticut; married after 1 October 1659 in Wethersfield, Hartford Co., Connecticut, John Kilbourne, born 29 September 1624 in Wood Ditton, Cambridgeshire, England, died 9 April 1703 in Glastonbury, Hartford Co., Connecticut
Jacob, born 1641, died 1708; married Mary
John, born 1642, in Hartford, Hartford Co., Connecticut, died after 11 January 1711 in South Carolina; married 25 October 1664 in Wethersfield, Hartford Co., Connecticut, Hannah Scott, born about 1647, died before 5 April 1723 in South Carolina.  John and Hannah used the spelling Brunson and were the progenitors of that that name in South Carolina.  Their descendants settled in Orangeburgh, and Brunson in Hartwell Co., South Carolina is named in their honor.
Isaac, born 1645, died 1719; married Mary Root
Abraham, born 1647, died 1719; married Hannah Griswold
1605 - 1690 Frances Hills 85 85 1576 - 1635 Roger Brownson 59 59 Roger Brownson, eldest known child of John Brownson, was baptized at Earl's Colne 15 Sept. 1576, and died at Aldham, Essex, between 4 Aug. 1635 and 22 Oct 1635. He married, first, at Lamarsh, Essex, 12 May 1600, Mary Underwood, baptized at Lamarsh 2 Feb. 1575/6, buried at Earl's Colne 18 March 1622/3, having perhaps died at the birth of her daughter Mary. Mary Underwood was a daughter of John Underwood of Lamarsh. Roger Brownson married, secondly, at an unknown place and date, Margaret ( _____ ) Brewer, widow, who survived him. Roger Brownson's second marriage is not in the Boyd Marriage Index at the Library of the Society of Genealogists, London. In 1610, Roger Brownson was admitted to a reversion of 3 acres of land called Chalkeney Crofts, and he paid a fine of £1-06-08. In 1619, Roger Brownson and Mary his wife were admitted to the house called "Humpherys," and the garden adjoining, and paid for fine £2-15-00. In 1623, Roger Brownson was admitted to "the House uppon the west in Chiffin Lane that he hath estate in only for life, then it is the Lds, and he paid for fine £3-00-00" [Manor of Colne Priory, Register of Admission Fines from 1610, Notes of Fines made by Richard Harlakenden, D/DPr. 100 Essex County Register Office, Chelmsford. In the 1623 entry the phrase "then it is the Lds" meant that after Roger Brownson's death, the property in Chiffin Lane would revert back to the lord of the manor, that is, Richard Harlakenden himself. How "Chalkeney Croft" was transferred from Roger Brownson to his brother John (1580-1638) is not explained in the existing manorial court rolls]. The will of "Roger Brownson of Aldham in the County of Essex, taylor," was dated 4 Aug. 1635. "To Margeret my wife, £6, furniture, and all that was hers before marriage. To my daughter in law [stepdaughter] Mary Brewer, 20s. To Edith my daughter, wife of John Evered of Cogshall, £3. To Susan, daughter of John Evered of Cogshall [Cogshall, co. Essex], my grandchild, 20s. at her age of 21 or marriage. To my two sons John and Richard Brownson and to my daughter, 12d. each if ever they come to demand the same. Residue to Cornelius Brownson my son, he to be executor." Signed by mark. Witnesses: William Adams, John Brownson. Proved at Colchester 22 Oct. 1635 by Cornelius Brownson, the executor named [Commissary Court of London for Essex and Herts, D/ABW.53/47, Essex County Record Office, Chelmsford]. Most of Essex was deeply Puritan in religion in the 1630's, and the terms of Roger Brownson's will should not be taken to imply that he disapproved of the departure of his children John, Richard, and Mary for New England. It is highly probable that he made some financial settlement on them before they left Earl's Colne, and that this helped to pay for their passage. The bequest of 12d. to each of them was merely a legal device, to prevent dispute about the validity of the will.  1576 - 1623 Mary Underwood 47 47 1560 John Underwood 1550 - 1622 John Brownson 72 72 The Brownson, Bronson, or Brunson Family of Earl's Colne, Essex, England, Connecticut, and South Carolina

AUTHOR: Coddington, John Insley
PUBLICATION: The American Genealogist, Whole Number 152, Volume 38, No 4, October, 1962.
D. 1616 Joan ? 1532 Johis Underwood 1520 - 1560 Cornelius Brownson 40 40 William Hills 1577 - ~1638 Thomas Leonard 61 61 ~1587 Lydia White ~1544 - 1615 Sampson Leonard 71 71
~1540 - 1611 Margaret Fiennes 71 71 1516 - 1541 Thomas Fiennes 25 25
1520 - >1565 Mary Neville 45 45 1508 - 1591 John Leonard 83 83 High Sheriff
 1520 - 1585 Elizabeth Harman 65 65 1469 - 1535 Sir George Neville 66 66 1503 - 1545 Mary Stafford 42 42 1477 - 1521 Edward of Buckingham Stafford 44 44 1480 - 1530 Eleanor Percy 50 50 1446 - 1489 Henry Percy 43 43 ~1453 - 1485 Maud Herbert 32 32 ~1423 - 1469 William of Pembroke Herbert 46 46 ~1410 - >1486 Anne Devereux 76 76 1421 - 1461 Henry Percy 40 40 ~1422 - 1482 Eleanor Poynings 60 60 1392 - 1455 Henry Percy 63 63 1398 - 1440 Eleanor Neville 42 42
~1364 - 1425 Ralph De Neville 61 61 1375 - 1440 Joan De Beaufort Countess of Wes 65 65 1455 - 1483 Henry of Buckingham Stafford 28 28
~1449 - 1525 Katherine Dutchess of Wydeville 76 76 ~1414 - 1469 Richard Wydevill (Earl of Rivers) 55 55 1416 - 1472 Jacquette De Luxembourg Duchess of Bedford 56 56 ~1424 - 1455 Humphrey Stafford 31 31 ~1437 Margaret Beaufort ~1402 - 1460 Humphrey Stafford 58 58 ~1404 - 1480 Anne Neville 76 76 1440 - 1492 George Neville 52 52 1444 - 1485 Margaret Fenne 41 41 ~1418 - ~1476 Hugh Fenne 58 58 ~1412 - 1476 Edward Neville 64 64 ~1414 Elizabeth Beauchamp 1488 - 1547 William Harmon 59 59 of Ellam or Crayford 1479 - 1555 John Lennard 76 76 ~1481 Catherine Weston ~1459 John Lennard, Esq. of Chepsted ~1458 Anne Bird dau of John Bird of Middlesex 1427 George Lennard ~1443 Matilda ? 1598 - 1661 John Heath 63 63 1602 Dorothy Royle
~1490 Margaret Butler ~1459 - 1514 John Butler 55 55
Dorothy Tyrrell ~1415 Sir William Tyrrell ~1425 Margaret Darcy ~1435 John Butler ~1435 Constance Downhall 1415 - 1453 Phillip Butler 37 37
~1434 Isabel Willoughby ~1398 - 1418 Sir Phillip Butler 20 20

~1404 Elizabeth Cockayne John Cokayne Baron of Exchequer ~1368 - 1426 Edith Grey 58 58 Married: John COKAYNE (B. Cokayne) ABT 1400, Cockayne Hatley, Bedfordshire, England

Children:
1. Elizabeth COKAYNE (b. ABT 1404, Bury, Hatley, Bedfordshire, England) (m.1 Sir Phillip Butler - m.2 Sir Lawrence Cheney)
2. Reginald COKAYNE
3. Henry COKAYNE
4. John COKAYNE
5. Thomas COKAYNE
6. Margaret COKAYNE
 ~1319 - ~1388 Reginald de Grey 2° B. Grey of Ruthin 69 69
~1331 - 1396 Alianor Le Strange Baroness Grey of Ruthin 65 65 1301 - 1349 Roger Le Strange 5º B. Strange of Knockin 47 47 On 20 Jan 1326/7 he was made a Banneret. In 1335 he was found to be heir to his uncle, Eubolo Lestrange (q.v.), whose widow, Alice, Countess of Lincoln, granted him in 1336/7 a life-estate in the manor of Ellesmere; in Jun 1337 he was sum. to come to the King; in 1341/2 to a Council at Westminster; and on 20 Nov 1348 (22 Edw. III) to Parl. as Roger Lestrange. In 1340 and 1345 he was in commissions for Salop. In Aug 1347 he was staying at the war overseas. He married 1stly, Maud; and 2ndly, before 25 Mar. 1344, Joan, dau. and coheir (and eventually heir) of Oliver De Ingham, Lord Ingham. He died 29 Jul 1349 in the Manor of Sedgebrook, Lincs. Joan, married 2ndly, Sir Miles De Stapleton, K.G. She died before 12 Dec 1365 and was Buried at Ingham. Miles died 4 Oct 1364 and was Buried at Ingham. 1305 - 1344 Maud ? 39 39 1282 - 1311 John Le Strange 3º B. Strange of Knockin 28 28 ~1277 - >1311 Isolda de Walton 34 34 ~1253 - 1309 John Le Strange 2º B. Strange of Knockin 56 56 ~1232 - 1282 Joan de Somery 50 50 ~1251 - >1309 Maud de Montibus 58 58 ~1226 - 1275 John Le Strange 1º B. Strange of Knockin 49 49
~1208 - <1273 Baron Roger Dudley de Somery 65 65 He lived in Dinas Powls, Wales. He was the son of Ralph de Somery and Margaret Fitzgilbert.  He married Nicole d'Albiny about 1225 in Sussex, England.

Then Baron Roger married Lady Annabilia Chaucombe about 1228 while living in Dudley, Worcester, England. Lady Annabilia was born about 1225, lived in Chacomb, Northamptonshire, England. She died after 1281 . 1210 - 1240 Nicole d'Aubigny 30 30 She was the daughter of William d'Albiny and Mabel de Meschines.

 1165 - 1221 William D'Aubigny Earl of Arundel 56 56 1173 Mabel De Meschines Countess Of Sussex 1147 - 1181 Hugh Of Kevelioc De Meschines Earl Of Chester 34 34 1155 - 1189 Bertrade De Montfort (Evreux) Countess Of Chester 34 34 1117 - 1181 Simon II Le Chauve De Montfort 64 64 1130 Maud Countess Of Evreux 1151 Amauri De Montfort Count Of Evreux Wife Mabel Fitzrobert.    Born: Abt 1155 -  Gloucestershire, England.
Died 1198.

 1153 - 1188 Simon De Montfort Seigneur De Montfort 35 35  De Montfort  1099 - 1153 Ranulph “De Gernon” De Meschines Viscount D'avranches 54 54 1120 - 1189 Maud Fitzrobert Countess Of Chester 69 69 1140 - 1193 William "Earl Of Arundel" D'Aubigny Earl Of Sussex 53 53 1132 - 1193 Maud (Matilda) De Saint Hilary 61 61   1105 James (Du Harcourt) De Saint Hilary (Hilaire)  (Du Harcourt) De Saint Hilary (Hilaire) 1109 Aveline ? 1151 - 1210 Ralph De Somery Lord Of Dudley 59 59 1160 - 1242 Margaret Fitzgilbert 82 82 1125 - 1195 John De Somery Lord Of Dudley 70 70 1160 - 1208 Hawise Paynel 48 48 1070 - 1155 William “The Breton” D'Aubigny 85 85 He was an itinerant justice under King Henry I of England. He was commonly known under the appellation Brito. He fought at the Battle of Tinchebray and acquired the honor of Belvoir, which became the center of the family estates, as marriage portion from his wife, Cecily, daughter of Roger Bigod. 0960 - 1024 Ralph De Toeni 64 64 0945 Ralph De Toeni 0890 Hugo (Hughes) de Calvacamp The family de Tosny (de Toeny, de Tony)

The founder of this family was one Hugo de Calvacamp, who had three Children:
1.Hugues, a monk at St.Denis, was called by William Longsword of Normandy to be Archbishop of Rouen; he handed over the domain of Tosny (Toeny, etc), part of the archepiscopal estates, to his brother; d.989/90
2.a daughter, who m.1st Odon N, a knight; and m.2d Henri N, a relative of Cte Gautier deMentes; and
3.Rodulf I de Tosny.
   Rodulf I was father of:
   Rodulf II, sn de Tosny et de Conches, fl 991/before 1024; Rodulf II was
    father of: Roger I de Conches, chevalier banneret of Normandy, b.ca
     990; he rebelled when William the Conqueror became Duke of
    Normandy, on the grounds that a bastard should not inherit; he ravaged
    neighboring estates until he was k.a.1040 by the army of Roger de
    Beaumont; m.1st a dau.of Ct Ramon Borell of Barcelona; m.2d
   Godehildis N (who m. 2d Cte Richard d'Evreux); Roger had issue (there
   is a conflict as to who the mother was):
1.Raoul III de Tosny, or de Conches, lord of Flamstead, Hants, and of Clifford, chevalierbanneret of Normandy, he took part in the battle of Hastings and was rewarded with great estates; he d.ca 1102; he m. Isabel de Montfort
1.1.Roger II, d.ca 1091
1.2.Raoul IV de Conches, or de Tosny, d.ca 1126, bur Conches; m.1103 Alice, dau.of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon by Judith de Lens
1.2.1.Roger III de Conches, or de Tosny, b.ca 1104, d.after 29 Sep 1158; m.before 9 Aug 1138 Gertrude=Ida of Hainaut
1.2.1.1.Raoul V de Tosny, or de Conches, d.1162; m.after 1155 Marguerite de Beaumont (1125- after 1185)
1.2.1.1.1.Roger IV de Tosny, or de Conches; he lost all his French estates to the French Crown by 1204, and d.shortly after 29 Dec 1208; m.before 22 Sep 1199 Constance de Beaumont
1.2.1.1.1.1.Raoul VI de Toeny, d.at sea ca 1239; m.1232/4 Pernel de Lacy (d.after 25 Nov 1288)
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.Roger V de Toeny (1235-1263/4); m.1st Alice de Bohun; m.2d before 1255 Isabel N
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.Raoul VII de Toeny, b.1255, d.ca 1295; m.before 1276 Mary N
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Robert de Toeny, was summoned to Parliament 1299, whereby he is held to have become Lord Toeny, b.Thornby, Scotland, 1276, d.shortly before 28 Nov 1309; m.ca 1293 Maud (d.1340/8) dau.of Malise, Earl of Strathearn
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.2.a daughter; m.ca 1295 Robert Tybetot (d.1295/7)
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.3.Alice, d.1324/5; m.1st Thomas de Leyburn; m.2d 1310 Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (d.1315); m.3d a316/7 William, Lord la Zouche of Mortimer (d.1337)
1.2.1.1.1.1.2.Raoul de Toeny
1.2.1.1.1.1.2.1.Raoul de Toeny, fl 1306; m.Clarice N
1.2.1.1.1.1.3.Constance, d.after 11 Feb 1266; m.Sir Fulk Fitzwarin
1.2.1.1.1.2.Roger de Toeny, d.nr Reading 1227/8
1.2.1.1.1.3.Richard de Toeny, a canon in Angers, d.1252
1.2.1.1.1.4.Margaret de Toeny, d.after 1246; m.Malcolm, Earl of Fife (d.1228)
1.2.1.2.Roger
1.2.1.3.Baudoin de Toeny, d.1170, and left descendants in Hainaut of whom I have no details
1.2.1.4.Geoffroy, a priest
1.2.2.Hugo, d.young, bur London
1.2.3.Simon
1.2.4.Isabel
1.2.5.Godehilde, fl 1143; m.Robert de Beaumont, sn de Neufbourg (d.1159)
1.3.Godehilde, d.Germanicea, Cilicia, 1097; m.1st (div) Robert de Beaumont, Cte de Meulan,
Earl of Leicester (d.1118); m.2d before 1096 Baldwin of Boulogne, King of Jerusalem (d.1118)
2.Helbert, k.a.ca 1040
3.Helinand, k.a.ca 1040
4.Vuasco, fl 1045
5.Berengar Hespine, fl 1066
5.1.Berengar
6.Robert de Toeny, or de Stafford, lord of Stafford, d.ca 1088
6.1.Nicholas de Stafford, d.ca 1138, bur Stone; m.Maud N
6.1.1.Robert de Stafford
6.1.1.1.Robert de Stafford, d.1193/4; m.Basilia N
6.1.1.2.Millicent, d.1214/5; m.before 1193 Hervey Bagot
7.Adeliza, bur Lire Abbey; m.William FitzOsbern, Earl of Hereford (d.1071)
8.Bertha; m.before 1026 Gui de Laval
 0832 Malahule Eysteinsson 1162 - 1247 William De Ferrers Earl of Derby 85 85 High Sheriff of Lancashire 1174 - 1247 Agnes De Meschines 73 73 1130 - 1190 William De Ferrers Earl of Derby 60 60 1157 - 1227 Sybil De Broase 70 70 1090 - 1160 Robert De Ferrers Earl of Derby 70 70 1114 Margaret Peverell 1062 - 1139 Robert De Ferrers Earl of Derby 77 77 1069 Hawise De Vitre Countess Of Derby 1036 - 1088 Henry De Ferrers Sir Knight 52 52 Bertha Roberts 1010 - 1089 Walchelinde De Ferrers 79 79 Mahaut ? 0990 Henry De Ferriers The son of Egenulf De Ferriers, Master of the House of the Duke of Normandy, who obtained of William the Conqueror, large grants of land in the counties of Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire. It is said he took an active part in the Battle of Hastings, having invaded England with the Conqueror.
 Bertha ? 0960 Egenulf De Ferriers Master of the House of the Duke of Normandy, whose son (Henry De Ferriers) obtained of William the Conqueror, large grants of land in the counties of Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire. It is said he took an active part in the Battle of Hastings, having invaded England with the Conqueror. Andre De Vitre 1054 Agnes De Mortaigne 0912 - 0965 Dame Maud De Flanders 53 53 Dame St. Pol-sur-Mer de Therouanne 0800 Eystein Ivarssaon (of More/Upplands) Earl of More "Glumra (The Noisy)"  0804 Ascrida (Aseda) Rognvaldsdatter Countess of Oppland 0770 Ivar Halfdansson of the Upplands 0785 Thyra Eysteinsdoittir
0745 - 0800 Knight Halfdan Eysteinsson The Meek 55 55 Halfdan the Mild (Old Norse: Hálfdan hinn mildi) was the son of king Eystein Halfdansson, of the House of Yngling and he succeeded his father as king, according to Heimskringla. He was king of Romerike and Vestfold.

He was said to be generous in gold but to starve his men with food. He was a great warrior who often pillaged and gathered great booty.

His wife was Liv, the daughter of king Dag of Vestmar. Halfdan the Mild died of illness in his bed.

He was succeeded by his son, Gudrød the Hunter.
 0772 Hlif Eysteinsdoittir His wife was Liv, the daughter of king Dag of Vestmar.
 0736 - 0780 King Eysteinn Halfdansson of Vestfold 44 44 Eystein Halfdansson (Old Norse: Eysteinn Hálfdansson) was the son of Halfdan Hvitbeinn of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. He lived around 730, and inherited the throne of Romerike and Vestfold.

His wife was Hild, the daughter of the king of Vestfold, Erik Agnarsson. Erik had no son so Eystein inherited Vestfold.

Eystein went to Varna with some ships to pillage and carried away all livestock and other valuables. However, the king of Varna was king Skjöld who was a great warlock. Skjöld arrived at the beach and saw the sails of Eystein's ships. He waved his cloak and blew into it which caused a boom of one ship to swing and hit Eystein so that he fell overboard and drowned. His body was salvaged and buried in a mound.

Eystein was inherited by his son Halfdan the Mild. 0740 Hildi Ericsdoittir 0704 - 0750 King Halfdan Olafsson of the Upplands 46 46 Halfdan Hvitbeinn (Old Norse: Hálfdan hvítbeinn) was the son of Olof Trätälja of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. He lived around A.D. 710.

His father was sacrificed to Odin by the Swedish settlers in Värmland because of a famine. Some Swedes, however, realised that the famine was brought by overpopulation and not by the fact that the king had been neglecting his religious duties.

Consequently, they resolved to cross the Ed Forest and settle in Norway and happened to end up in Soleyar where they killed king Sölve and took Halfdan prisoner. The Swedish expatriates elected Halfdan king as he was the son of their old king, Olof. Halfdan subjugated all of Soleyar and took his army into Romerike and subjugated that province as well.

Halfdan was to become a great king, who married Åsa, the daughter of king Eystein, the ruler of Oppland and Hedmark. They had two sons, Öystein Halfdansson and Gudröd.

Halfdan conquered a large part of Hedemark, Toten, Hadeland and a part of Vestfold. When his brother Ingjald Olofsson died, he inherited Wermelandia. Halfdan died of old age in Toten and was transported to Vestfold where he was buried under a mound. 0708 Asa Eysteinsdoittir 0682 - 0710 King Olaf Ingjaldsson of Vermaland 28 28 Olaf Tree Feller (Old Norse: Ólafr trételgja, Swedish: Olof Trätälja, Norwegian: Olav Tretelgja) was the son of the Swedish king Ingjald Ill-ruler of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. His mother was Gauthild, a princess of West Götaland, whose maternal grandfather was Olof the Sharp-sighted, the king of Nerike.

His mother sent him to his foster-father Bove in West Götaland, where he grew up with his foster-brother Saxe who was surnamed Flette.

When Olof heard of his father's death, he assembled the men who were willing to follow him and went to his kinsmen in Nerike, because after his father's atrocities, the Swedes had grown hostile towards the Ynglings.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof and his kin had sought refuge in Nerike, they were were attacked and had to head west through deep and mountainous forests (Kilsbergen) to lake Vänern and the estuary of Klarälven (where Karlstad is presently situated). Here, they settled and cleared land. Soon they had created a whole province called Värmland, where they could make good living.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof was clearing land, they were amused and called him the Tree-feller. Olof married a woman named Solveig who was a daughter of Halfdan Guldtand of Soleyar. Olof and Solveigh had two sons, Ingjald Olofsson and Halfdan Hvitbeinn, who were brought up in Soleyar in the house of his mother's uncle Sölve.

Because of king Ivar Vidfamne and his harsh rule many Swedes emigrated to Värmland, and they became so numerous that the province could not sustain them. The land was afflicted by famine of which the Swedes accused the king. It was an old tradition in Sweden of holding the king responsible for the wealth of the land (see Domalde). The Swedes accused Olof of neglecting his sacrifices to the gods and believed that this was the cause of the famine.

The Swedish settlers thus rebelled against Olof, surrounded his house on the shores of lake Vänern and burnt him inside it. Thus he was sacrificed to Odin, like his ancestor Domalde.

Ynglingatal and Historia Norwegiae
However, Historia Norwegiae says that Olof succeeded his father and ruled as the king of Sweden in peace until his death.

diu et pacifice functus regno plenus dierum obiit in Swethia
The lines of Ynglingatal appear to say that he was was a Swedish prince (svía jöfri), and that he was burnt inside his hall and disappeared from Gamla Uppsala. 0684 Solveig Halfdansdoittir 0660 King Ingald Onundsson The Wicked Ingjaldr inn illráði or Ingjald illråde ("ill-ruler"), ca 640 - ca 650, was a more or less historical Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He was the son of Anund.

Youth
The Heimskringla relates that the viceroy of Fjädrundaland was named Ingvar and he had two sons, Alf and Agnar, who were of the same age as Ingjald. Svipdag the Blind was the viceroy of Tiundaland, the province of Uppsala where the Tings and the Yule (Midwinter) sacrifices were held and (see the Temple at Uppsala).

Ingjald's unmanliness is reportedOne Midwinter, when Ingjald and Alf were six years old, many people had assembled at Uppsala for the sacrifices. Alf and Ingjald played, but Ingjald found that he was the weaker boy and became so angry that he almost started to cry. His foster-brother Gautvid led him to his foster-father Svigdag the Blind and told Svipdag about Ingjald's lack of manliness and strength. Svipdag said that it was a shame and the next day he gave Ingjald a roasted wolf's heart to eat. From that day, Ingjald became a very ferocious person and had a bad disposition.

Anund arranged a marriage for his son Ingjald with Gauthild, the daughter of the Geatish king Algaut, who was the son of Gautrek the Mild and the grand-son of Gaut. Gautrek consented as he believed that Ingjald had inherited his father's disposition. Gauthild's maternal grandfather was Olof the Sharp-sighted, the king of Nerike.

The deceit
Snorri Sturluson relates that when his father Anund had died, Ingjald became the king of Sweden. The kings at Uppsala were the foremost among the kings of the various provinces since Odin ruled the country, and they were the supreme chiefs of the other kingdoms since the death of Agne and Sweden was divided between Erik and Alrik. The descendants of these two kings had spread, cleared land and settled new territories, until there were several petty kings.

In honour of his own ascendance to the throne, Ingjald invited the kings, the jarls and other important men to a grand feast in a newly built hall, just as large and sumptuous as the one in Uppsala. It was called the hall of the seven kings and had seven high seats. Algaut the Geatish king of West Götaland, King Ingvar of Fjädrundaland with his two sons Agnar and Alf, King Sporsnjall of Nerike and King Sigvat of Attundaland came but not King Granmar of Södermanland. The kings filled all seven seats but one. All the prominent people of Sweden had seats, except for Ingjald's own court whom he had sent to his old hall in Uppsala.

According to the custom of the time for those who inherited kings and jarls, Ingjald rested at the footstool until the Bragebeaker was brought in. Then he was supposed to stand up, take the beaker and make solemn vows, after which he would ascend his father's high seat. However, when the beaker was brought in, he took a bull's horn and made the solemn vow that he would enlarge his own kingdom by half towards all the four quarters, towards which he pointed his horn, or die.

When all the prominent guests were drunk, he ordered Svipdag's sons, Gautvid and Hylvid, to arm themselves and their men and to leave the building. Outside, they set fire to the building which burnt down and those who tried to escape were killed.

Thus Ingjald made himself the sole ruler of the domains of the murdered kings.

Wars
Granmar won allies in his son-in-law the sea-king Hjörvard of the Ylfings and his father-in-law Högne the Geatish king of East Götaland. They successfully withstood Ingjald's invasion where Ingjald realised that the men from the provinces he had conquered were not loyal to him. After a long standstill there was peace for as long as the three kings lived. However, one night Ingjald and his men sourrounded a farm where Granmar and Hjörvard were at a feast and burnt the house down. He late disposed of five more kings, and he thus earned the name Illråde (ill-ruler) as he fulfilled his promise.

Snorri Sturluson tells that it was a common saying that Ingjald killed twelve kings by deceiving them that he only wished for peace, and that he thus earned his cognomen Illråde (ill-ruler or ill-adviser).

Downfall
Ingjald and his daughter ÅsaIngjald had two children, a son Olof Trätälja and a daughter Åsa. His daughter had inherited her father's psychopathic disposition. She married king Gudröd of Skåne. Before she murdered her husband she managed to make him kill his own brother Halfdan the Kind, the father of the great Ivar Vidfamne.

In order to avenge his father, Ivar Vidfamne gathered a vast host and departed for Sweden, where he found Ingjald at Ræning, probably Rällinge on the island of Fogdö in Lake Mälaren. When Ingjald and his daughter realized that it was futile to resist, they set the hall on fire and succumbed in the flames.

It is interesting to note that Ynglingatal does not appear to describe Ingjald as an evil king. It calls his life a brave life frœknu fjörvi.

Ingjald has often been seen as the one who unified Sweden. 0664 Gauthild Algautsdoittir 0638 Onund Invarsson King Of Sweden Anund
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Anund's mound, a grave associated with Anund. It is, however, more likely that the name is taken from the runestone, which was raised 400 years after Anund's deathÖnund or Bröt-Anund (trail-blazer Anund or Anund the land-clearer), d. ca 640, was a legendary Swedish king of the House of Yngling.

Anund succeeded his father Ingvar on the Swedish throne, and after his father's wars against Danish vikings and Estonian pirates, peace reigned over Sweden and there were good harvests. Anund was a popular king who became very rich, not only because of the peace and the good harvests but also because he avenged his father in Estonia. That country was ravaged far and wide and in the autumn Anund returned with great riches.

In those days Sweden was dominated by vast and uninhabited forests, so Anund started making roads and clearing land and vast districts were settled by Swedes. Consequently he was named Bröt-Anund. He made a house (Husby) for himself in every district and used to stay as a guest in many homes.

One autumn, King Anund was travelling between his halls (see Husbys) and came to a place called Himinheiðr (sky heath) between two mountains. He was surprised by a landslide which killed him.

We all have heard how Jonkur's sons,
Whom weapons could not touch, with stones
Were stoned to death in open day,
King Onund died in the same way.
Or else perhaps the wood-grown land,
Which long had felt his conquering hand,
Uprose at length in deadly strife,
And pressed out Onund's hated life.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)
The original text of Ynglingatal is hard to interprete, and it only says that Anund died und Himinfjöllum (under the sky mountains) and that stones were implied. According to Historia Norwegiae, he was murded by his brother Sigvard in Himinherthy (which the source says means "the fields of the sky", cœli campus. Such a place name is not known and Birger Nerman suggests that the original place of death was under the sky mountains, i.e. under the clouds (cf. the etymology of cloud). Consequently, he may have been killed outdoors, by his brother and with a stone.

Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar says that Anund was not the son of Ingvar, but the son of his grand-father Östen. It also relates that he had a brother named Olaf who was the king of Fjordane.

All sources say that Anund was the father of the infamous Ingjald ill-ruler.

 0610 Ingvar Eysteinsson King Of Sweden 0590 Eystein Adilsson King Of Sweden Östen or Eystein (d. ca 600) was the son of Adils (Eadgils) and Yrsa of Saxony. He was the father of Ingvar.

Snorri Sturluson relates that Östen ruled Sweden at the time when Hrólf Kraki died in Lejre. It was a troubled time when many seakings ravaged the Swedish shores. One of those kings was named Sölve and he was from Jutland (but according to Historia Norwegiae he was Geatish). At this time Sölve was pillaging in the Baltic Sea and so he arrived in Lofond (probably the island of Lovön or the Lagunda Hundred), where Östen was at a feast. It was night-time and Sölve and his men surrounded the house and set it on fire burning everyone inside to death. Then Sölve arrived at Sigtuna (Old Sigtuna) and ordered the Swedes to accept him as king. The Swedes refused and gathered an army that fought against Sölve and his men, but they lost after eleven days. The Swedes had to accept him as king for a while until they rebelled and killed him.

For a long time none could tell
How Eystein died -- but now I know
That at Lofond the hero fell;
The branch of Odin was laid low,
Was burnt by Solve's Jutland men.
The raging tree-devourer fire
Rushed on the monarch in its ire;
First fell the castle timbers, then
The roof-beams -- Eystein's funeral pyre.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar makes Östen the father of Anund and grand-father of Ingjald and consequently skips Ingvar's generation. It adds a second son to Östen named Olaf, who was the king of Fjordane in Norway.
 0572 Adils Ottarsson King Of Sweden Eadgils was a 6th century king of Sweden who appears in the Old English epic Beowulf.

In the Norse sagas and Gesta Danorum appears a Swedish 6th century king having a closely similar name Adils, or Athisl. This king was also the son of a king named Ohthere and just like in Beowulf, Adils killed a king named Onela (Ali) with foreign assistance (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki).

Adils pursuing Hrolf Kraki on the FýrisvellirContents [showhide] 
1 Name
2 Beowulf
3 In the Hrólf Kraki traditions and Heimskringla
4 Archaeology
5 Gesta Danorum
6 Primary sources
7 Secondary sources

Name
The Norse forms are based an older (Proto-Norse) *Aþagislaz. However, the Anglo-Saxon form is not etymologically identical. The A-S form would have been *Ædgils, but Eadgils (Proto-Norse *Auða-gislaz, Old West Norse Auðgísl, Old East Norse Øðgisl) was the only corresponding name used by the Anglo-Saxons.

Beowulf
According to the oldest source, Beowulf, Eadgils' uncle Onela usurped the Swedish throne. Eadgils rebelled together with his brother Eanmund and fled to the Geats. Then Onela attacked the Geats and the Geatish king Heardred was killed, as was Eanmund by Onela's champion Weohstan. Then Beowulf became king of the Geats and helped Eadgils in defeating Onela, who was killed by Eadgils.

In the Hrólf Kraki traditions and Heimskringla
In the Hrólf Kraki tradition, Adils (Eadgils) captured and married Yrsa (Yrs), the mother of Hrólf Kraki (Hrothulf). Not long after Hrólf became king, Eadgils requested his assistance against his uncle Áli (Onela). Hrólf sent his twelve companions, led by Bödvar Bjarki (who it is often remarked has similarities with Beowulf), Áli was defeated in the Battle on the Ice and Adils gained the kingdom. But when Adils refused to pay Hrólf's men the expected tributes for their help, Hrólf Kraki set off to Gamla Uppsala. As Adils was away, gathering reinforcements, Hrólf's mother and sister Yrsa then gave him a horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring called Sviagris 'Pig of the Swedes'. With the treasure given them by Yrsa, Hrólf and his men try to escape over the Fyrisvellir (Fyris Wolds). When Adils and his men pursued them, Hrólf desperately spilled out the gold to occupy the pursuers with treasure collecting instead. Adils, however, overtook Hrólf who desperately threw away Sviagris. When Adils stooped to pick it up with his spear Hrólf ungloriously cut him in the back screaming that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden, stole the ring once again and fled.

Snorri Sturluson relates that Adils loved good horses and had the best horses in his days (interestingly, the contempary Gothic scholar Jordanes noted that the Swedes were famed for their good horses). One horse was named Slöngve and another one Raven, which he had taken from Áli. From this horse he had bred a horse also named Raven which he sent to king Godgest of Hålogaland, but Godgest could not manage it and fell from it and died, in Omd on the island of Andøya. Adils himself died in a similar way at the Disablót. Adils was riding around the Disa shrine when Raven stumbled and fell, and the king was thrown forward and hit his skull on a stone. He was buried at Uppsala, and was succeeded by Östen.

Witch-demons, I have heard men say,
Have taken Adils' life away.
The son of kings of Frey's great race,
First in the fray, the fight, the chase,
Fell from his steed -- his clotted brains
Lie mixed with mire on Upsal's plains.
Such death (grim Fate has willed it so)
Has struck down Ole's [Onela's] deadly foe. (Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Archaeology
According to Snorri he was buried in one of the royal mounds of Gamla Uppsala, and he is believed to be buried in Adils' Mound (also known as the Western mound or Thor's mound) one of the largest mounds at Uppsala. An excavation in this mound showed that a man was buried there c. 575 on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings. There were luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of ivory. He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a costly buckle. There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket. The finds show the distant contacts of the House of Yngling in the 6th century.

Snorri's account that Adils had the best horses of his days, and Jordanes' account that the Swedes of the 6th century were famed for their horses find support in archaeology. This time was the beginning of the Vendel Age, a time characterised by the appearance of stirrups and a powerful mounted warrior elite in Sweden, which rich graves in for instance Valsgärde and Vendel.

 0565 Yrsa Olafsdoittir 0551 Ottar Egilsson King Of Sweden Ohthere, Ohtere (the name is sometimes mispelt Ohþere), or Ottar Vendelkråka (Vendelcrow) (ca 515 - ca 530) was a king of the Swedish house of Scylfings. Ohthere is considered to be a fairly historical king of Sweden, the memory of whom has been conveyed both by Beowulf, Norse sagas and Swedish tradition (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki). His name has been reconstructed as Proto-Norse *Ohtaharjaz or *Ohtuharjaz [1] (http://www.sofi.se/SOFIU/lup/urnord.pdf). He was the son of Ongenþeow and the brother of Onela. He was the father of Eadgils, and according to Beowulf he also had a son named Eanmund.

Contents [showhide] 
1 Beowulf
2 Scandinavian sources
3 Comments
4 Primary sources
5 Secondary sources

Beowulf
According to the oldest source, Beowulf, he was captured by the Geats together with his mother and his younger brother Onela. They were saved by his father Ongenþeow who killed the Geatish king Hæþcyn and besieged the Geats in a forest named Ravenswood. However, Geatish reinforcements arrived led by the Geatish prince Hygelac whose warrior Eofor slew Ongenþeow.

Ohthere's moundLater Ohthere died and his throne was inherited by his brother Onela. This version fits the Swedish tradition which claims that Ottar resided at the ancient royal estate in Vendel, in Uppland, and that he was buried in Ottarshögen (Ohthere's mound). An archaeological excavation in 1917 supported the tradition dating the finds to the first half of the 6th century. It was a burial befitting a king[2] (http://www.raa.se/sites/ottarsmound.asp).

Scandinavian sources
According to the latest source, Ynglinga saga, Ottar refused to pay tribute to Frodi. Then Frodi sent two men to collect the tribute, but Ottar answered that the Swedes had never paid tribute to the Danes and would not begin with him. Frodi then gathered a vast host and looted in Sweden, but the next summer he pillaged in the east. When Ottar learnt that Frodi was gone, he sailed to Denmark to plunder in return and went into the Limfjord where he pillaged in Vendsyssel. Frodi's jarls Vott and Faste attacked Ottar in the fjord. The battle was even and many men fell, but the Danes were reinforced by the people in the neighbourhood and so the Swedes lost (a version apparently borrowed from the death of Ottar's predecessor Jorund). The Danes put Ottar's dead corpse on a mound to be devoured by wild beasts, and made a wooden crow that they sent to Sweden with the message that the wooden crow was all that Ottar was worth. After this, Ottar was called Vendelcrow.

Ynglingatal only mentions that Ottar was killed by the Danish jarls Vott and Faste in a place named Vendel, whereas Historia Norwegiae only informs that Ottar was killed by the Danish brothers Ottar [sic.] and Faste in a Danish place called Vendel.

Comments
Swedish scholars doubt the Icelandic and Norwegian localisation of Ottar's death to Denmark. According to the classic Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok, vendelcrow was a name given to any resident of the parish and the ancient royal estate of Vendel until the present time. Consequently, Snorri Sturluson's version could be considered to be a later addition explaining a cognomen, the meaning of which he did not know.

Moreover, the Old Norse expression corresponding to putting someone on a mound has two meanings, one of which is putting him on top of the mound, while the other one is to bury someone in a mound. Consequently it is thought that the tradition of Ohthere's burial in Vendel was misinterpreted as his being put on top of a mound in the more well-known Vendsyssel.

 0530 Egil Anunsson King Of Sweden Ongenþeow, Ongentheow, Ongendþeow, Egil, Egill, Eigil, or Angantyr (- ca 515) was the name of one or two semi-legendary Swedish kings of the house of Scylfings, who appear in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian sources.

The names are different and have little etymological connection. Ongenþeow would in Proto-Norse have been *Anganaþewaz, whereas Egil would have been *Agilaz. The reason why they are thought to have been the same is that they have the same position in the line of Swedish kings and are described as the fathers of Ohthere and grand-fathers of Eadgils. As will be shown below, it can be argued that they are based on the same person and the same events, but it should be noted that not every scholar is open to the historicity of the characters in Beowulf and in the Norse sagas.

Contents [showhide] 
1 Scandinavian tradition
2 Anglo-Saxon sources
3 Comments
4 Primary sources
5 Secondary sources

Scandinavian tradition
In Ari Þorgilsson's Íslendingabók and in Historia Norwegiae, he was called Egil Vendelcrow (Vendilcraca/Vendilkráka, a name traditionally given to those living at the royal estate of Vendel in Sweden). Snorri Sturluson, however, gave the name Vendelcrow to Egil's son Ottar (Ohthere). In these sources, Egil was the son of Aun the Old, and like him, not very warlike. After he had made the thrall Tunni (or Tonne) responsible for the treasury, Tunni rebelled against Egil. They fought eight battles after which Egil fled to Denmark, according to the Ynglinga saga (Ynglingatal does not mention where he fled and Historia Norwegiae does not mention any escape at all). Snorri wrote that Fródi, the Danish king, aided Egil in defeating Tunni, and made Egil a tributary to the Danish king.

Egil was killed by a bull during the sacrifices at the Temple at Uppsala.

The fair-haired son of Odin's race,
Who fled before fierce Tunne's face,
Has perished by the demon-beast
Who roams the forests of the East.
The hero's breast met the full brunt
Of the wild bull's shaggy front;
The hero's heart's asunder torn
By the fell Jotun's spear-like horn."(Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Anglo-Saxon sources
According to Beowulf, his wife and two sons Onela (Áli) and Ohthere (Ottar) were captured by the Geatish king Hæþcyn. The old Ongentheow saved them, killed Hæþcyn, and captured the Geats in a forest called Ravenswood.

The Geats were, however, saved by their new king Hygelac. Ongenþeow and his men sought refuge on higher ground in a fortification, but it was overrun by the Geats. Eofor killed the hoary-bearded Ongenþeow during a vicious battle where the old man wounded Eofor's brother Wulf.

Ongenþeow is also mentioned in passing by the earlier poem Widsith as the king of Sweden:

lines 30–33:
Wald Woingum, Wod þyringum, Wald the Woings, Wod the Thuringians,
Sæferð Sycgum, Sweom Ongendþeow, Saeferth the Sycgs, the Swedes by Ongendtheow,
Sceafthere Ymbrum, Sceafa Longbeardum Sceafthere the Ymbers, Sceafa the Lombards,

Comments
The two versions seem contradictory, but it has been shown that the two stories may very well describe the same event (Schück H. 1907, Nerman B. 1925), and that Ynglingatal was probably misinterpreted by Snorri due to a different dialectal meaning of the word farra. In Ynglingatal, it says

en flæming, jötuns eykr
farra trjónu, á Agli rauð

If there is any authenticity behind the traditions, the origin of Ynglingatal was most probably a Swedish poem which has not survived (see also Sundquist 2004). In Old Swedish, farra did not mean "bull" but it meant "boar". Moreover, in Old Norse Trjóna normally meant a pig's snout (modern Scandinavian tryne). Flæmingr meant "sword" (originally a flemish sword imported by Vikings).

Moreover, the sword of the snout can hardly refer to the horns of a bull, but it is more natural to interpret it as the tusks of a boar. In English, the lines can be translated as but the giant beast coloured its tusk red on Egil.

In Anglo-Saxon, the name eofor meant "boar" and consequently Ynglingatal could very well relate of Eofor (the boar) killing Egil with kennings for boars. These kennings, sung originally by Swedes, were later misinterpreted by Norwegians and Icelanders as litteral expressions due to the different dialectal meanings of farra.

Moreover, according to Schück, the name Tunni which has no meaning in Old Norse should in Proto-Norse have been *Tunþa and derived from *Tunþuz. Consequently, it would have been the same word as the Gothic Tunþus which meant "tooth". This would mean that the name of Egil's enemy, actually meant "tooth" and Tunni and the bull/boar would consquently have been the same enemy, i.e. Eofor.

Preceded by: Aun Semi-legendary king of Sweden
Succeeded by: Ohthere

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Beowulf
Widsith
Íslendingabók

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.
Sundquist, O. "Freyr"s offspring. Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society". (2004)  Nordisk familjebok. 0509 King Aun Jorundsson of Uppsala Ane, On, One, Auchun or Aun the Old (Audhun, the same name as the A-S name Edwin) was the son of Jorund and one of the Swedish kings of the House of Yngling, the ancestors of Norway's first king, Harald Fairhair.

Aun was a wise king who sacrificed greatly to the gods, but he was not a warlike king and preferred to live in peace. Consequently, he was attacked by the Danish prince Halfdan (the son of Fródi, the son of Dan the Arrogant, the founder of Denmark). Aun lost the battles and fled to the Geats in Västergötland, where he stayed for 25 years until Halfdan died in his bed in Uppsala and was buried in a mound.

King Aun could return to Uppsala, but he was 60 years old. In order to live longer he sacrificed his own son to Odin who promised him that he could live for another 60 years. However, after 25 years, Aun was attacked by Halfdan's cousin Ale the Strong. Aun lost several battles and had to flee a second time to Västergötland. Ale the Strong ruled in Uppsala for 25 years until he was killed by Starkad the old.

After Ale the Strong's death, Aun could return to Uppsala. Once again, Aun sacrificed a son to Odin, but this time Odin said that he would live as long as he sacrificed a son every ten years and that he had to name one of the Swedish provinces after the number of sons he sacrificed.

When Aun had sacrificed a son for the seventh time, he was so old that he could not walk but had to be carried on a chair. When he had sacrificed a son for the eighth time, he could no longer get out of his bed. When he had sacrificed his ninth son, he was so old that he had to feed by suckling a horn like a little child.

After ten years he wanted to sacrifice his tenth and last son and name the province of Uppsala the ten lands. However, the Swedes refused to allow him this sacrifice and so he died. He was buried in a mound at Uppsala and succeeded by his last son Egil. From that day, dying in bed of old age was called Aun's sickness among the Scandinavians.

In Upsal's town the cruel king
Slaughtered his sons at Odin's shrine --
Slaughtered his sons with cruel knife,
To get from Odin length of life.
He lived until he had to turn
His toothless mouth to the deer's horn;
And he who shed his children's blood
Sucked through the ox's horn his food.
At length fell Death has tracked him down,
Slowly, but sure, in Upsal's town. (Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0487 King Jorund Yngvasson of Uppsala Jorund or Eorund was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling. He was the son of Yngvi, and he had reclaimed the throne of Sweden for his dynasty from Haki (the brother of Hagbard, the hero of the legend of Hagbard and Signy).

When he was young he used to travel the seas and plunder with his brother Erik, and they were great warriors. One summer they plundered in Denmark where they met another pillager, King Gudlög of Hålogaland (a province in Norway) with whom they fought. They took him prisoner and carried him ashore at Stromones where they hanged him. Gudlaug's surviving companions raised a mound over him there.

Eyvind Skaldaspiller (a Norwegian):

By the fierce East-kings' cruel pride,
Gudlog must on the wild horse ride --
The wildest horse you e'er did see:
'Tis Sigur's steed -- the gallows tree.
At Stromones the tree did grow,
Where Gudlog's corpse waves on the bough.
A high stone stands on Stromo's heath,
To tell the gallant hero's death.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)

This act rendered the Swedish princes, Eric and Jorund, even more famous and they were thought of as even greater men. When they learnt that King Haki no longer had his forces around him, they decided to take care of their enemy. They assembled a large force that was joined by Swedes as they approached. They entered Mälaren (a bay at the time) and steered towards Uppsala. They left their ships at the Fyris Wolds and were met by Haki who had less men. Haki was a brutal fighter and managed to turn the tide of the battle. He slew Erik who held the banner and Jorund retreated with his men. Luckily, Haki had been seriously wounded and died.

Jorund then ruled Sweden at Uppsala, but he usually spent the summers pillaging. One summer, he plundered in Jutland and entered Limfjorden, where he continued the pillaging. They anchored in Oddesund (before a storm in 1825, it was near the innermost part of the fjord and almost 200 km from its mouth) but were discovered by the Norwegian pirate Gylaug of Hålogaland, the son of Gudlaug. Gylaug and his men attacked them and were joined by local forces who wanted revenge. As Jorund was vastly outnumbered (and had to run an almost 200 km long gauntlet to get out of the fjord), he lost the battle, and Gylaug had him hanged.

Jorund has travelled far and wide,
But the same horse he must bestride
On which he made brave Gudlog ride.
He too must for a necklace wear
Hagbert's fell noose in middle air.
The army leader thus must ride
On Horva's horse, at Lymfjord's side.[2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.

 0466 Yngvi Alreksson King Of Sweden Yngvi and Alf were two legendary Swedish kings of the House of Yngling.

Alf and Yngvi slaying each otherContents
1 Ynglingatal
2 Hervarar Saga and the Saga of Orvar-Odd
3 Ari Frodi's Younger Íslendingabók
4 Gesta Danorum
5 Primary sources
6 Secondary sources

Ynglingatal
According to Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga, Yngvi and Alf were the sons of Alrik. Yngvi was an accomplished king: a great warrior who always won his battles, the master of all exercises, generous, happy and sociable. He was both loved and famous.

Alf was unsociable and harsh and stayed at home instead of pillaging in other countries. His mother was Dageid, the daughter of king Dag the Great from whom is descended the Dagling family. Alf was married to Bera who was happy and alert and a very lovable woman.

One day in the autumn, Yngvi returned to Uppsala from a very successful viking expedition which had rendered him famous. He used to spend time at the drinking table until late in the night, like Bera, and they found it pleasant to talk to each other. Alf, however, preferred to go to bed early and he started to tell her to go to bed early as well so that she did not wake him. Then Bera used to answer that Yngvi was much better for a woman than Alf, an answer that was getting on Alf's nerves.

One evening, the jealous Alf entered the hall and saw Yngvi and Bera converse on the high seat. Yngvi had a short sword in his lap and the other guests were too drunk to see that Alf had arrived. From under his cloak Alf drew a sword and pierced Yngvi. Yngvi, mortally wounded, got up, drew his own short sword and slew Alf. They were buried in two mounds on the Fyrisvellir (Fyris Wolds).

Alf was succeeded by his son Hugleik.

Ok varð hinn,
er Alfr of vá
vörðr véstalls,
of veginn liggja,
er dölingr
dreyrgan mæki
öfundgjarn
á Yngva rauð.
Var-a þat bært
at Bera skyldi
valsœfendr
vígs of hvetja,
þá er brœðr tveir
at bönum urðusk,
óþurfendr,
of afbrýði.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  I tell you of a horrid thing,
A deed of dreadful note I sing --
How by false Bera, wicked queen,
The murderous brother-hands were seen
Each raised against a brother's life;
How wretched Alf with bloody knife
Gored Yngve's heart, and Yngve's blade
Alf on the bloody threshold laid.
Can men resist Fate's iron laws?
They slew each other without cause. (Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Hervarar Saga and the Saga of Orvar-Odd.  In the Hervarar saga and the saga of Orvar-Odd, Yngvi was the father of Ingeborg, the princess who was in love with the Swedish hero Hjalmar.

Ari Frodi's Younger Íslendingabók
According to Ari Frodi's line of Swedish kings Yngvi was the son of Agne, and not of Agne's son Alrik.

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Alf (Alverus) was the father of Yngve (Ing) and Ingjald (Ingild). Ingjald, in his turn was the father of Sigurd Ring and the grand-father of Ragnar Lodbrok.

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Hervarar saga
Orvar-Odd's saga
Younger Íslendingabók

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0445 Alrek Agnarsson King Of Sweden Alrik and Erik fightingAlrek and Eirík (Old Norse Alrekr and Eiríkr ) were two legendary kings of Sweden.

Contents
1 In the Ynglinga saga
2 In Gautreks saga and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
3 In Gesta Danorum
4 Commentary
5 Secondary sources

In the Ynglinga saga
According to the Ynglinga saga, Alrek and Eirík were sons and heirs of the previous king Agni by his wife Skjálf. They shared the kingship. They were mighty in both war and sports, but were especially skillful horsmen and vied with one another about their horsemanship and their horses.

One day they rode off from their retinue and did not return. They were found dead with their heads battered but no weapons with them save the bridle bits of their horses. Accordingly it was believed that they had quarreled and come to blows and had slain each other with their bridle bits. They were succeeded by Alrik's sons Yngvi and Alf.

However, in other sources, only Alrek died, and in the piece of Ynglingatal quoted by Snorri Sturluson it is only Alrek who dies explicitly. Erik's death seems to be a misunderstanding on Snorri's part due to an influence from the succeeding kings (see also the other sources below):

Fell Alrekr,
þar er Eiríki
bróður vápn
at bana urðu,
ok hnakkmars
með höfuðfetlum
Dags fríendr
of drepask kváðu;
frá-at maðr áðr
eykja greiði
Freys afspring
í folk hafa.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  Alric fell, by Eric slain,
Eric's life-blood dyed the plain,
Brother fell by brother's hand;
And they tell it in the land,
That they worked the wicked deed
With the sharp bits that guide the steed.
Shall it be said of Frey's brave sons,
The kingly race, the noble ones,
That they have fought in deadly battle
With the head-gear of their cattle? (Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

In Gautreks saga and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
Gautreks saga also makes Alrek and Eirík sons of Agni by Skjálf and co-kings and it was to them that the warrior Starkad fled after his slaying of King Vikar. Starkad served them first as a companions on their viking expeditions and then, after Alrek and Eirík had settled down, went on further Viking expeditions alone.

But King Alrek had a short life, for Eirík struck Alrek dead with a bridle when they were out to train their horses and then ruled as sole ruler over Sweden. This version says that Eirík reigned for a long time as told in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar (Saga of Hrólf son of Gautrek).

This second saga introduces Thornbjörg, the daughter of King Eirík and Queen Ingigerd, who was a skillful shieldmaiden and ruled over part of the kingdom. Thornbjörg even called herself King Thorberg. But eventually she fell in love with Hrólf son of Gautrek and agreed to marry him, at which point she gave up her weapons to her father King Eirík and took up embroidery.

In Gesta Danorum
Saxo Grammaticus in Book 5 of his Gesta Danorum introduces Ericus Desertus, that is Erik the Eloquent, son of a champion named Regnerus (Ragnar), both Norwegians in the service of King Gøtarus (Götar) of Norway, a monarch otherwise unknown. This Erik is likely to be the Eirík the Eloquent or Eiríkr the Wise in Speech mentioned by Snorri Sturluson in the Skáldskaparmál as being of Ylfing lineage. But he otherwise has left no clear record in surviving Norse literature.

Saxo makes up for it by telling at greath length of Erik's amusing deeds. He relates how Erik outwitted all foes with clever tricks and became the councellor of Fródi son of Fridleif, king of Denmark. Erik's expeditions on Fródi's behalf always went well because of Erik's cunning and way with words. Erik finally married Fródi's sister Gunvara and Erik's elder half-brother Rollerus (Roller) was made king of Norway.

Saxo then brings in a king of the Swedes named Alricus (Alrik) who corresponds to Alrek of the Norse tradition. Alrik was at war with Gestiblindus king of the Gautar (Geats) and Gestiblindus now sought Fródi's aid. (In the Norse Hervarar saga Gestumblindi is the name assumed by the disguised Odin and it is possible that this Gestiblindus is also Odin in disguise.)

Erik and Skalk the Scanian pursued the war and slew Alrik's son Gunthiovus (Old Norse Gunnþjófr) leader of the men of Vermland and Solongs. Then occurred a parley and secret interview between Alrik and Erik in which Alrik attempted to win Erik over to his cause. When this failed, Alrik asked that the war be settled by a single combat between himself and Gestiblindus. Erik refused the offer because of Gestiblind's unfitness and advanced years but made a counter-offer to fight such a duel with Alrik himself if Alrik were willing. The fight occurred straightaway. Alrik was slain and Erik seemed to be fatally wounded so that a report actually came to King Fródi that Erik was dead. Indeed Erik was long in recovering. However Fródi was disabused when Erik himself returned announcing that Fródi was now also king of Sweden, Värmland, Helsingland, and Soleyar. Fródi then gave all those lands to Erik to rule directly and also gave Erik the two Laplands, Finland, and Estonia as dependencies paying annual tribute.

Saxo explains that this Erik was the first Swedish king to be called Erik but that after him it became a very common name among the Swedish kings. He also writes that Erik met and helped the champion Arngrim, an account that agrees with Hervarar saga, where Arngrim's sons meet Erik's successor Yngvi (see e.g. Angantyr and Hjalmar).

That the duel occurred at the end of a "secret interview" suggests that Alrik and Erik were alone when they fought just as were their counterparts in the Norse accounts. That Erik was believed to have died suggests knowledge of the Ynglinga saga version in which both fighters met their death. There is no mention of horse bridles. But Erik is not elsewhere a great duelist or champion but instead a trickster who wins through stratagems and deceiving words so that is it likely that Saxo or his source passed over a stratagem in which a horse bridle played a part.

Saxo also mentions Starkad's stay in Sweden in Book 6 in a summary of Starkad's life up to that point in his history. But Saxo does not indicate what king or kings then ruled Sweden, saying only:

... he went into the land of the Swedes, where he lived at leisure for seven years' space with the sons of Frø.

Frø is of course the god Frey, the ancestor of the Swedish dynasty.

At the beginning of Book 6, Saxo notes that Erik died of a disease and was succeeded by his son Haldanus (Halfdan). Halfdan was later slain by rivals for the throne but the warrior Starkad established Halfdans' heir Siward as the new king. Siward's daughter Signe was married to King Harald of Denmark who was co-king his brother Fródi. Later Harald's son Halfdan, now king of Denmark, slew Siward in war. But Siward's grandson Erik, the son of Halfdan's uncle Fródi by Signe, the direct heir to the throne, now rose up against Halfdan. After a long war this second Erik was captured by Haldfan and left in the woods in chains to be devoured by beasts. With him, it seems, the Swedish line of Erik the Eloquent, as set forth by Saxo, came to an end.

Commentary
It is not clear whether or not the accounts in the Gesta Danorum and the accounts in the Ynglinga saga' tales of a Danish king named Halfdan who became king of Sweden are at all related. See Halfdan.

Traditions of twin brothers connected with horses appear are a commonplace in Indo-European cultures as are foundation legends about two twin brothers, one of whom kills the other. It is possible that Alrek and Eirik are reflexes of such traditions.

Saxo's identification of the legendary Eirík the Eloquent with the legendary Swedish king Eirík probably originated as a flourish by a pro-Danish or pro-Norwegian story teller.

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0449 Dagreid Dagsdoittir 0424 Agni Dagsson King Of Sweden Agne or Agni Skjafarbonde was a mythological king of Sweden, of the House of Yngling.

Agne being hanged by his wife SkjalfSnorri Sturluson relates that he was the son of Dag the Wise, and he was mighty and famous. He was also skilled in many ways.

One summer, he went to Finland with his army where he pillaged. The Finns gathered a vast host under a chief named Frosti (the Jotun Frosti who was the father of Snær the Old, and consequently Agne's great-great-great-great-grandfather).

A great battle ensued which Agne won and many Finns were killed together with Frosti. Agne then subdued all of Finland with his army, and captured not only great booty but also Frosti's daughter Skjalf and her kinsman Logi (in the older Ynglingatal only her kinsman, but in Heimskringla he was her brother, which seems to be a mistake by Snorri Sturluson).

Agne returned to Sweden and they arrived at Stocksund (Stockholm) where they put up their tent on the side of the river where it is flat. Agne had a torc which had belonged to Agne's great-great-great-grandfather Visbur (who, interestingly, was the son of Skjalf's niece Drífa). Although, they were related, Agne married Skjalf who became pregnant with two sons, Erik and Alrik.

Skjalf asked Agne to honour her dead father Frosti with a great feast, which he granted. He invited a great many guests, who gladly arrived to the now even more famous Swedish king. They had a drinking competition in which Agne became very drunk. Skjalf saw her opportunity and asked Agne to take care of Visbur's torc which was around his neck. Agne bound it fast around his neck before he went to sleep.

The king's tent was next to the woods and was under the branches of a tall tree for shade. When Agne was fast asleep, Skjalf took a rope which she attached to the torc. Then she had her men remove the tent, and she threw the rope over a bough. Then she told her men to pull the rope and they hanged Agne avenging Skjalf's father. Skjalf and her men ran to the ships and escaped to Finland, leaving her sons behind.

Agne was buried at the place and it is presently called Agnafit, which is east of the Tauren (the Old Norse name for Södertörn) and west of Stocksund, i.e. in what is still to this day called Agnehögen (Agne's mound) in Lillhersby.

Þat tel ek undr,
ef Agna her
Skalfar ráð
at sköpum þóttu,
þar gœðing
með gullmeni
Loga dís
at lopti hóf
svalan hest
Signýjar vers.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  How do ye like the high-souled maid,
Who, with the grim Fate-goddess' aid,
Avenged her sire? -- made Swithiod's king
Through air in golden halter swing?
How do ye like her, Agne's men?
Think ye that any chief again
Will court the fate your chief befell,
To ride on wooden horse to hell?(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0428 Skialf Frostasdoittir 0403 Dag Dyggisson The Wise Dag the Wise or Dagr Spaka (2nd or 3rd century AD) was a mythological Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He was the son of Dyggve, the former king.

Dag was so wise that he could understand the song of birds. He consequently had a tame sparrow which flew to various countries and returned to him with tidings like Hugin and Munin to the wise god Odin.

Once the sparrow happened to land on a corn field in a place called Varva in Reidgotaland (considering the date and location, apparently Gothiscandza). The peasant who owned the field managed to hit the sparrow with a stone and killed him.

When the sparrow did not return, Dag was angry and sacrificed to the gods in order to have an explanation. He was told about what had happened and declaired war on the Goths. He landed in Reidgotaland with a great army and pillaged the land causing people to flee.

After having killed many Goths and taken many prisoners, they were returning to their ships. As they crossed the river at a place called Skjotan's ford (the weapon's ford), a thrall came running and threw a hayfork into the Swedish troops. The hayfork hit Dag on the head and he fell dead from his horse.

Frák at Dagr
dauða orði
frægðar fúss
of fara skyldi,
þá er valteins
til Vörva kom
spakfrömuðr
spörs at hefna.
Ok þat orð
á austrvega
vísa ferð
frá vígi bar,
at þann gram
af geta skyldi
slöngviþref
Sleipnis verðar.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  What news is this that the king's men,
Flying eastward through the glen,
Report? That Dag the Brave, whose name
Is sounded far and wide by Fame --
That Dag, who knew so well to wield
The battle-axe in bloody field,
Where brave men meet, no more will head
The brave -- that mighty Dag is dead!
Varva was wasted with the sword,
And vengeance taken for the bird --
The little bird that used to bring
News to the ear of the great king.
Varva was ravaged, and the strife
Was ended, when the monarch's life
Was ended too -- the great Dag fell
By the hay-fork of a base thrall! (Laing's translation [2] 0382 Dyggi Domarsson Dygvi, Dyggve or Digne was according to Ynglingatal a Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He died in bed and never reached Valhalla. Instead he went to Hel, Loki's daughter, who acquired a husband of royal blood. In Ynglinga saga, Snorri Sturluson included a piece from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Kveðkat dul,
nema Dyggva hrör
Glitnis gná
at gamni hefr,
því at jódis
Ulfs ok Narfa
Konungmann
kjósa skyldi;
ok allvald
Yngva þjóðar
Loka mær
of leikinn hefr.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  Dygve the Brave, the mighty king,
It is no hidden secret thing,
Has gone to meet a royal mate,
Riding upon the horse of Fate.
For Loke's daughter in her house
Of Yngve's race would have a spouse;
Therefore the fell-one snatched away
Brave Dygve from the light of day.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae 0361 Domar Domaldsson In Norse mythology, the Swedish king Domar of the House of Ynglings was the son of Domalde. He was married to Drott, the sister of Dan the Arrogant who gave his names to the Danes. Drott and Dan are in this work said to be the children of Danp son of Ríg.

His rule lasted long and after the sacrifice of his father Domalde, the crops were plentiful and peace reigned. Consequently there is not much to tell about his reign, and when he died at Uppsala, he was transported over the Fyris Wolds (Fyrisvellir) and burnt on the banks of the river, where a stone was raised over his ashes.

Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Ok þess opt
of Yngva hrör
fróða menn
of fregit hafðak,
hvar Dómarr
á dynjanda
bana háalfs
of borinn væri;
nú þat veitk,
at verkbitinn
Fjölnis niðr
við fýri brann.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  I have asked wise men to tell
Where Domar rests, and they knew well.
Domar, on Fyrie's wide-spread ground,
Was burned, and laid on Yngve's mound.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae  Drott Danpsdoittir Drott, Drótt or Dróttin was a Scandinavian kingly and priestly title corresponding to "prince" in a wide sense. The Scandinavian name for Queen, drottning is derived from this title.

After the Christianisation, the term began to be used for God (cf. the Lord).

Etymology
The same word existed in Old Saxon: drohtin, Old English: dryhten, Old High German: truhtin. The word comes from Proto-Germanic *druhtinaz and is derived from druhti- meaning "war band". In this sense the word appears as Icelandic: drótt, Old English: dryht, Old High German: truht. In Gothic appears the verb driugan meaning "to do military service". In Old English dréogan and in Icelandic drygia appear, both meaning "to perform". The root is the same as in Slavic drug meaning "companion".

Mythology
In the Heimskringla, Snorri Sturluson wrote that Domar married Drott, the daughter of Danp who was the son of Ríg (Heimdall).

Snorri wrote:
Dygvi's mother was Drótt, a daughter of King Danp, the son of Ríg, who was first called konungr in the Danish tongue. His descendants always afterwards considered the title of konungr the title of highest dignity. Dygvi was the first of his family to be called konungr, for his predecessors had been called dróttinn ['chieftain'], and their wives dróttning, and their court drótt ['war band']. Each of their race was called Yngvi, or Ynguni, and the whole race together Ynglingar. Queen Drótt was a sister of King Dan Mikillati, from whom Denmark took its name.
0340 Domalde Visbursson Domalde was a Swedish king of the House of Ynglings, in Norse mythology. He was the son of Visbur.

The sacrifice of king Domalde at Uppsala as painted by Carl LarssonSnorri Sturluson relats that Domalde's rule was marked by bad crops and starvation. The first autumn, the Swedes sacrificed oxen at the temple at Uppsala, but the next harvest was not better. The second autumn, they sacrificed men, but the following crops were even worse.

The third year many Swedes arrived at Gamla Uppsala, and the chiefs decided that they had to sacrifice the king. They sprinkled the statues of the gods with his blood (see Blót) and the good harvests returned.

Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Hitt var fyrr
at fold ruðu
svereðberendr
sínum drótni,
ok landherr
af lífs vönum
dreygrug vápn
Dómalda bar,
þá er árgjörn
Jóta dolgi
Svía kind
of sóa skyldi.[1]  0319 Visbur Vanlandisson In Scandinavian mythology, Visbur was a king of the House of Ynglings and the son of Vanlade.

Snorri Sturluson relates in Ynglinga saga that Visbur was the son of Vanlade and Drífa, a daughter of Snær the Old. He married a daughter of Aud the Rich, and they had two sons, Gisl and Öndur.

However, Visbur found a new wife whereupon his old wife took the two boys and returned to her father.

Visbur had a third son, Domalde, by the new wife. When Gisl and Öndur were twelve and thirteen years old they went to their father to retrieve their mothers dowry. Visbur, however, refused to consent, and then the two sons said that the golden necklace would be the bane of the best man of his house. They then returned and planned to murder their father.

The völva Huld was hired to help them, but she prophesized that killing kin would lead to having kinslaying as a permanent trait in the House of Yngling (Scylfing). They did not care about this warning, went to their father and burnt him to death inside his hall.

Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal in his account in the Heimskringla:

Ok Visburs
vilja byrgi
sævar niðr
svelga knátti,
þá er meinþjóf
markar öttu
setrs verjendr
á sinn föður;
ok allvald
í arinkjóli
glóða garmr
glymjandi beit.
 0298 Vanlandi Svegdisson Vanlade, Vanlande was a Swedish king at Uppsala of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Sveigder. Snorri Sturluson wrote in the Ynglinga saga, that Vanlade was a great warrior.

Once he stayed for the winter in Finland with Snær the Old, and was married to his daughter Drífa. When he left in spring, he left Drífa behind. Although he had promised her to come back in three years time, she had to wait ten years. Then she sent her and Vanlade's son Visbur to Sweden, and sent a message to the völva Huld. She asked the völva to either bring Vanlade back to Finland or kill him.

As the völva worked to bring Vanlade back, he was staying at Uppsala and he felt a great need to travel to Finland. His advisors and friends told him not to go and claimed that it was the witchraft of the Finns that made him want to go. Having resisted the wish to leave, he became drowsy and went to bed. A little later he screamed that he was hagridden and his men came to help him. However, when they grasped his head the Mara stepped on his legs and when they held his legs she trod on his head. This caused him to die. The Swedes burnt his body by the river Skytån (one of the tributaries of the river Fyrisån) and raised a menhir over him.

Snorri quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:
En á vit
Vilja bróður
vitta véttr
Vanlanda kom,
þá er trollkund
of troða skyldi
liðs grímhildr
ljóna bága;
ok sá brann á beði Skútu
menglötuðr,
er mara kvalði.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  And Vanlande, in a fatal hour,
Was dragg'd by Grimhild's daughter's power,
The witch-wife's, to the dwelling-place
Where men meet Odin face to face.
Trampled to death, to Skytaa's shore
The corpse his faithful followers bore;
And there they burnt, with heavy hearts,
The good chief killed by witchcraft's arts.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Geography
Geographical note: the river skutá is today called Björklingeån. According to the encyclopedias Nationalencyklopedin and Nordisk familjebok it passed its name onto the village and the parish of Skuttunge. The area does not only contain raised stones, but also 45 grave fields (most from the Iron Age), including a dolmen.

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae  0302 Driva Snaersdoittir In the Orkneyinga saga, Snow the Old (Snærr hinn gamli) is son of Frosti 'frost' son of Kári. In the account called Hversu Noregr byggdist ('How Norway was inhabited') in the Flatey Book, Snær is son of Jökul (Jokull 'icicle, ice, glacier') son of Kári. This Kári is lord of the wind and brother of Ægir or Hlér and Logi, all three being sons of the giant Fornjót. Fornjót is euhemerized in these traditions as an ancient king of Finland and Kvenland. See Fornjót for details.

Snow's son in Orkneyinga saga and Hversu is Thorri 'frozen-snow'. The Hversu also gives Snow three daughters: Fön (Fonn 'Snowdrift'), Drífa 'snowfall', and Mjöl (Mjoll, 'powdered snow'). Sturlaugs saga (section 22) brings in King Snow of Finmark and his daughter Mjöl who flies quickly through the air.

The Ynglinga saga relates how Vanlandi the ruler of Sweden visted Snow in Finland and married his daughter Drífa, but left in the spring and did not return. Drífa bore Vanlandi a son called Vísbur. See Vanlandi for further details.

The Hversu also mentions in passing, when speaking of Snær's distant descendant Halfdan the Old, that Snær's life lasted three hundred years.

Snow's son Thorri reigned after Snow as king of Götaland, Kvenland, and Finland. Thorri had two sons named Nór and Gór and a daughter named Gói ('thin snow, track-snow'). See Nór to follow this lineage further. 0277 Svegdi Fjolnirsson Sveigder or Swegde was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Fjölner.

The Ynglinga saga relates that at his father's death Sveigder vowed to go to Godheim (Asgard) and visit Odin. He took his twelve hirdmen and went through the world. He came to Turkland and Great Sweden (Russia), but after five years he returned home. He got himself a wife from Vanaheim (a Vanir?) who was called Vana and they had the son Vanlande. Then Sveigder resumed his search for Odin and came to a mansion east of Sweden called Stein (see also Ingvar) which was called so because there was a stone as big as a house. After sunset, Sveigder was going to bed from having drunk with the hosts, and passing the stone he saw that a dwarf was sitting under it. Sveigder and his companion were drunk and ran for the dwarf. The dwarf called to Sveigder to come into the stone and see Odin which Sveigder did and he never came back.

Snorri also quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

En dagskjarr
Dúrnis niðja
salvörðuðr
Sveigði vétti,
þá er í stein
enn stórgeði
Dusla konr
ept dvergi hljóp,
ok salr bjartr
þeira Sökmímis
jötunbyggðr
við jöfri gein. 0256 Fjolnir Yngvi-Freysson Fjölnir, Fjölner or Fjolner was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling, at Gamla Uppsala.

Grottasöngr
Grottasöngr relates that he was the contemporary of Caesar Augustus. Fjölnir was a mighty king and the crops were bountiful and peace was maintained. At his time, the Danish king Fródi ruled in Lejre in Zealand. The two kings were great friends and they often visited each other, but their friendship was to cause them to inadvertently kill each other. Grottisong relates that when Frodi once visited Uppsala he bought two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, but they were to be his undoing (see Grottasöngr).

Ynglinga saga
Heimskringla relates that he was the son of Freyr himself and the giantess Gerd, but he was the first of his house who was not to be deified. Once Fjölnir went to see Frodi in Zealand and a great feast had been prepared to which many people were invited. Frodi had a large house where he stored a huge vessel full of very strong mead. Above the vessel there was an opening in the ceiling from which mead was poured into it, by men standing in the loft above. After the banquet, Fjölnir was taken to stay the night in an adjoining loft. However, at night he felt that all the mead he had drunk forced him to leave his bed and to seek his way out into the bushes to relieve himself. Since he was very drunk and very tired he stumbled through the wrong door and staggered across the floor above the vessel. He slipped and fell through the opening into the vessel of mead where he drowned.

Ynglingatal
Snorri also quoted some lines of Ynglingatal, composed in the 9th century:

Varð framgengt,
þar er Fróði bjó,
feigðar orð,
er at Fjölni kom;
siklingi
svigðis geira
vágr vindlauss
of viða skyldi.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  In Frode's hall the fearful word,
The death-foreboding sound was heard:
The cry of fey denouncing doom,
Was heard at night in Frode's home.
And when brave Frode came, he found
Swithiod's dark chief, Fjolne, drowned.
In Frode's mansion drowned was he,
Drowned in a waveless, windless sea.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)) 

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Book 1, Frodi corresponds to Hadding and Fjölnir to Hunding, but the story is a little different. It relates how King Hunding of Sweden believed a rumor that King Hadding of Denmark had died and held his obsequies with ceremony, including an enormous vat of ale. Hunding himself served the ale, but accidently stumbled and fell into the vat, choked, and drowned. When word of this came to King Hadding of this unfortunate death, King Hadding publicly hanged himself (see Freyr).

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Grottisongr
Gesta Danorum  0235 Yngvi-Frey Njord King Of Sweden Yngvi, Ingui or Ing appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr, which meant "lord".

In Scandinavian mythology, Yngvi, alternatively Yngve, was the progenitor of the Yngling lineage, a legendary dynasty of Swedish kings from whom the earliest historical Norwegian kings in turn claimed to be descended, see also Freyr.

Information on Yngvi varies in different traditions as follows:

Yngvi is a name of the god Frey, perhaps intended as Frey's true name while Frey 'Lord' is his common title. In the Ynglinga saga and in Gesta Danorum, Frey is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the Ynglinga saga, Yngvi-Frey reigned in succession to his father Njörd who in turn succeeded Odin. Yngvi-Frey's descendants were the Ynglings.

In the Islendíngabók Yngvi Tyrkja konungr 'Yngvi king of Turkey' appears as father of Njörd who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Frey, the ancestor of the Ynglings.

In the introduction to Snorri Sturluson's Edda Snorri claims again that Odin reigned in Sweden and relates: "Odin had with him one of his sons called Yngvi, who was king in Sweden after him; and those houses come from him that are named Ynglings." Snorri here does not identify Yngvi and Frey though Frey occasionally appears elsewhere as son of a Odin instead of a son of Njörd. See Sons of Odin.

In the Skáldskaparmál section of Snorri Sturluson's Edda Snorri brings in the ancient king Halfdan the Old who is the father of nine sons whose names are all words meaning 'king' or 'lord' in Old Norse and nine other sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". But rather oddly Snorri immediately follows this with information on what should be four other personages who were not sons of Halfdan but who also fathered dynasties and names the first of these as "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". In the related account in the Ættartolur ('Genealogies') attached to Hversu Noregr byggdist, the name Skelfir appears instead of Yngvi in the list of Halfdan's sons. For more details see Scylfing

(The Yngling Saga section of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla also introduces a second Yngvi son of Alrek who is a descendant of Yngvi-Frey and who shared the Swedish kingship with his brother Álf. See Yngvi and Alf)

Jacob Grimm in his Teutonic Mythology and many others have considered it likely that Yngvi was originally identical to Ing/Ingo/Ingui, the legendary eponymous ancestor of the Ingvaeones.

The element Ing- in Old English names is usually considered to be related.

The Old English Runic Poem contains these obscure lines:

Ing wæs ærest mid Eástdenum
gesewen secgum, oð he síððan eást
ofer wæg gewát. wæn æfter ran.
þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon.

Ing was first amidst the East Danes so seen, until he went eastward
over the sea. His wagon ran after.  Thus the Heardings named that hero.
0239 Gerd Gymersdoittir Gerd, Gärd, Gerdhr, Gerda or Gerdur (Old Norse Gerð) was the giantess wife of the Norse god Freyr and a daughter of Gymir by Aurboda. Her name is probably from gerða 'to fence in' related to garðr 'enclosed space' cognate with the English word yard and (through Danish) of the English word garth. Gerd may have been a personification of soil fertility. Her brilliant, naked arms illuminated air and sea.

Gerd is included among the Ásynjur in Snorri Sturluson's Edda.

The account of her wooing is given in the poem Skirnismál. She never wanted to marry Freyr, refused his proposals (delivered through Skirnir, his messenger) even after bringing her eleven golden apples and Draupnir. Skirnir finally threatened to use Freyr's sword to cover the earth in ice and she agreed to marry Freyr.

According to the Ynglinga saga she was the mother of Freyr's son Fjölnir who succeeded Freyr as ruler of Sweden.

In the Skáldskaparmál Gerd is named along with Jörd, Rind, and Gunnlöd as rivals of Odin's wife Frigg, these other three being among those whom Snorri Sturluson elsewhere relates that Odin had bedded. Gerd in this list is probably an error for Gríd who is otherwise conspicuously absent. 0214 Njord King Of Sweden Njord (Old Norse Njorðr) is one of the Vanir and the god of seamanship and sailing in Norse mythology. He is son of Yngvi husband of Skadi (Skadhi) but previously the father of Yngvi-Freyr and Freya (by his sister: apparently the Vanir, unlike the Æsir, were allowed to practice sibling incest). His dwelling is said to be Noatun 'Ship-town'. Njord is also a god closely associated with fertility, as are the Vanir in general.

Njord and his children joined the Æsir as Vanir hostages after the Æsir/Vanir war.

Njord is the Old Norse equivalent of the goddess Nerthus described by Tacitus. It has been suggested by Hilda R. Ellis Davidson in Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (1964) that there was possibly originally a male and female pair of deities, Njord and Nerthus, with Freyr later replacing Nerthus. She also makes the point that there were other male/female pairings of Norse gods of whom little is known but their names, e.g. Ullr and Ullin.

The comparative mythologist Georges Dumézil developed the idea introduced by Jacob Grimm that the hero Hadding in Saxo Grammaticus' Danish History, Book I, might be an euhemerized version of Njord. This suggestion was used by science-fiction/fantasy writer Poul Anderson in his War of the Gods.

In Viktor Rydberg's idiosyncratic and increasingly accepted reconstruction of Norse mythology Njord was also known as "Fridlief", the Lover of Frith. With Hodur, he undertook a mission of peace to Weland and Egil, which they refused. He rescued his son Freyr from the giants later on. During the war between Æsir and Vanir, he led the attack on Asgard and won. While he was gone from Vanaheim, Loki tried to take over there, but Njord defeated him in battle and routed him.

How Njord met Skadi The Æsir regretfully killed Skadi's father, Weland-Thjazi, who had inflicted the Ice Age on the world. She put on her skis and skied all the way to Valhalla. The gods agreed that they would have to repay her in some way. She would be able to choose any of the males as her husband, but she was only allowed to look at the feet as she chose. She looked long at all of the feet, and she chose the cleanest pair, thinking that it must belong to Baldur. It wasn't Baldur, however, but Njord, whose feet were washed clean by the sea. Although they loved each other very much, their marriage wasn't the best. Skadi lived in a land of winter, but Njord didn't like being woken up all the time by the wolves, and he could hardly sleep anyway because it was so cold. Skadi couldn't take living in a spring forest, being woken early by the birds. And she thought it was a little too warm. But they decided to live a week at each place, and it worked well for them.

Other names
Njord
Njörd
Njördh
Njörðr
Njorðr (most accurate)  0217 Queen Njord of Sweden 0214 Gymer Fornjotsson Aegir, originally Ægir, is considered the ruler of the sea in Norse mythology. He is a personification of the power of the ocean and its strength for good or ill in the affairs of men. In Norse poetry, the "jaws of Aegir" were what sank ships at sea. He was also known for throwing massive parties for the gods.

Snorri in Skaldskaparmal identifies Aegir with Gymir and Hlér who lived on Hlesey. Gymir, it may be noticed, is the name of the monstruous and terrible giant of the underworld, the father of the beautiful Gerd wooed by Freyr. Hymir, who seems to be a sea-giant, has a link with the gods, for he is said in Hymiskviða to be father of Tyr.

Aegir is said to have had nine daughters with his wife, Ran. His daughters were called the billow maidens. They were named Bara, Blodughadda, Bylgia, Dufa, Hefring, Himinglaeva, Hronn, Kolga, and Unn. The names of each reflect the types of waves of the sea; they wore white robes and veils. (cf. his counterpart Poseidon)

Aegir is son of Fornjót and brother of Logi 'fire, flame' and Kári (wind). He is also called Hlér and Gymir. In the Lokasenna, he has a festival for the gods, where he provides the ale brewed in an enormous pot provided by Thor. The story of Thor getting the pot for the brewing is told in the Hymiskviða.

Aegir had two servants, Fimafeng (killed by Loki) and Eldir.

Other spellings
Common Swedish form: Ägir
Common Danish form: Ægir
Also known as: Gýmir
0218 Orboda Alf Alreksson Erik Agnarsson Fornnjot Fornjót (Old Norse Fornjótr) is an ancient giant in Norse mythology, the father of Kári (a personification of wind), of Logi (a personification of fire), and of Hlér or Ægir (the ruler of the sea). The meaning of the name is not clear, It might possibly be from forn 'old' + jótr 'Jutlander' or possibly 'giant' or might be from for 'early' + njótr 'destroyer'. Fornjót is also, following a particular legendary genealogical tradition, the first-known direct paternal ancestor of William I of England and also through other supposed descendants a terminal ancestor of ascending branches of many European noble families and modern Icelandic families.

Contents
1 Fornjót in the texts
2 Ægir
3 Logi
3.1 In the Gylfaginning
3.2 In the Saga of Thorstein Víking's son
4 Kári
5 More traditions about persons named Frosti and Logi
5.1 Fornjót as an ancestor of the House of Yngling

Fornjót in the texts
Fornjót is mentioned only twice in old verse: in stanza 29 of Ynglingatal where "son of Fornjót" seems to refer to fire and in a citation in Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál:

How should the wind be periphrased? Thus: call it son of Fornjót, Brother of the Sea and of Fire, Scathe or Ruin or Hound or Wolf of the Wood or of the Sail or of the Rigging.

Thus spake Svein in the Nordrsetu-drápa:
First began to fly
Fornjót's sons ill-shapen.

Fornjót is listed as a giant (jötun) in one of the thulur sometimes included in editions of the Skáldskaparmál. This is as expected, since Fornjót's son Ægir is also identified as a giant in various sources.

In the Orkneyinga saga and in Hversu Noregr byggdist ('How Norway was settled')—both found in the Flatey Book—Fornjót appears as an ancient ruler of Finland and Kvenland. He is the father of three sons named Ægir or Hlér, Logi 'flame', and Kári. The Hversu account says further that Hlér ruled over the seas, Logi over fire, and Kári over wind.

Ægir
For more on Ægir see Ægir.

Logi
In the Gylfaginning
Logi appears by that name in the Gylfaginning in the tale of Thor's journey to the halls of Útgard-loki where he was pitted against Logi in an eating contest. The contestants appeared to be equal in speed at eating meat from the bone, but Logi also consumed the bones as well and even the wooden trencher. Útgard-loki afterwards explained that Logi was really fire itself.

In the Saga of Thorstein Víking's son
The beginning of Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar ('Saga of Thorstein son of Víking') brings in a king named Logi who ruled the country north of Norway. Logi was the handsomest of men, but with the strength and size of the giants from whom he was descended. (Logi's ancestry is here not otherwise specified.) Because Loge was larger and stronger than any other man in land, his name was lengthened from Logi to Hálogi 'High-Logi' and from that name the country was called Hálogaland 'Hálogi's-land' (modern Hålogaland or Halogaland).

The saga tells that Hálogi's wife was Glöd (Gloð 'glad'), the daughter of Grím (Grímr) of Grímsgard (Grímsgarðr) in Jötunheim in the far north and her mother was Alvör (Alvor) the sister of King Álf the Old ('Álfr hinn gamli') of Álfheim. Or perhaps, the name of Hálogi's wife should be rendered instead as Glód (Glóð 'red-hot embers') if this Logi is indeed either identical or confused with Logi as a personification of fire. The names of his daughters in this account were Eisa 'glowing embers' and Eimyrja 'embers', the fairest women in the land, whose names were later applied to the things which became their meaning, certain indication of the original fiery nature of their father. (Wife and daughters are sometimes wrongly ascribed to Loki rather than Logi in secondary sources.)

Two of Hálogi's jarls named Véseti and Vífil (Vífill) abducted Hálogi's daughters and fled the country. At that point Hálogi is out of the story. Véseti settled in Borgundarhólm (Bornholm) where Eisa bore him two sons named Búi and Sigurd Cape (Sigurðr Kápa). Vífil fled farther east to an island named Vífilsey 'Vífil's Isle' where Eimyrja bore him a son named Víking (Víkingr) who was father of Thorstein (Þorsteinn) the hero of the saga. Víking is made out to be a contemporary of a King Ólaf (Ólafr) who is said to be the brother of King Önund (Onundr) of Sweden. Descendants of Thorstein appear in Fridthjófs saga ins frækna (Friðþjófs saga ins frækna 'Saga of Fridthjof the Bold') and in the Starkad section of Gautreks saga 'Gautrek's saga'.

This account cannot be reconiciled with the account in the Hversu and Orkneyinga saga without assuming multiple figures with the same names. In Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, Logi (a descendant of giants) is the husband to a niece of King Álf the Old of Álfheim who himself is the husband of Bergdís the daughter of King Raum (Raumr) of Raumaríki. In the other accounts Logi is the brother of Kári who is a distant ancestor of Raum the Old who is father of Álf or Finnálf (Finnálfr), king of Álfheim.

Kári
Kári is mentioned in one of the thulur as a term for wind. Otherwise this personage appears only in the Hversu and Orkneyinga saga accounts where Kári appears to be the heir to his father's kingdoms as in the Hversu Kári's descendants emerge also as rulers of Finland and Kvenland. Kári is father of a son who is named Frosti ('frost') according to the Orkneyinga saga but named Jökul (jokull 'icicle, ice, glacier') according to the Hversu. This son in turn is the father of Snær the Old (Snærr inn gamli 'Snow the Old').

See Snær to follow this lineage further.

More traditions about persons named Frosti and Logi
In the Ynglinga saga the names Logi and Frosti are otherwise connected when it relates that King Agni of Sweden in a raid on Finland killed Frosti, the leader of the Finns who opposed him and captured Skjálf, Frosti's daughter, and her brother Logi. (But the verse of the Ynglingtal quoted here as confirmation says only that Skjálf is Logi's kin.) For Skjálf's marriage to Agni and her vengeance on him see Agni. Agni himself, as discussed under Snær, is here a descendant of Snær through Snær's daughter Drífa who married King Vanlandi of Sweden.

Fornjót as an ancestor of the House of Yngling
This is a family tree which is not only based on Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga. It also includes some members who are mentioned in other Old Norse sources (and in Beowulf).  1070 - 1137 Amaury De Montfort 67 67 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R)
(Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998). 1095 - 1181 Agnes De Garlende 86 86 1025 - 1087 Simon I De Montfort 62 62 W. H. Turton, "Plantagenet Ancestry", Genealogical Publishing Co., 1928, p.141. 1030 Agnes d'Évreux The sister and heiress of her brother count William of Évreux, Agnes brought the county of Évreux into the possession of the Monfort family. 1000 - 1031 Amaury II Count De Montfort 31 31 1005 Bertrade De Gometz 0960 - 1018 Guillaume de Hainault (Baron Montfort) 58 58
0975 - 1022 Baroness de Montfort de Nogent 47 47 de Nogent (vers 975 - 1022) dau. of Hugues de Nogent, Lord of Epernon (ca. 950 - ?)  0920 - 0973 Amaury de Hainault De Montfort 53 53 Count of Mansuarie.
 0920 - 0983 Judith de Cambrai 63 63 0882 - 0932 Rainer II de Hainault Count of Hainault 50 50 0896 Adelaide de Bourgogne
0860 - 0916 Rainer I (Regnier) “Longneck of Hennegau” Duke of Lorraine Count of Hainault 56 56
0865 Ermentrude (Hersent) de Hasnon (Duchess of Lorraine) Princess of the Holy Roman Empire 0830 Giselbert II Count of the Moselle(Maasgau) Count of Darnau   0832 Ermengarde (Irmgard) Duchess of the Moselle (Maasgau) Princess of Italy 0795 - 0855 Lothaire I Holy Roman Emperor King of Italy 60 60
0778 - 0851 Ermengarde Countess of Tours 73 73
Giselbert I Count of the Moselle(Maasgau) Count Gainfroi Theidlindus ? 0823 - 0877 Charles II “The Bald” Holy Roman Emperor 54 54
0830 - 0869 Ermentrude (Irmtrud) Countess of Orleans 39 39
Eudes Count of Orleans
Ingeltrude Countess of Orleans
0760 - 0823 Hadrian de Allemania (von Wormsgau) Count of Orleans 63 63
0783 - 0823 Waldrata von Hornbach 40 40
0710 - 0779 Gerold I (Childebrand) Count of Vinzgau 69 69
0736 - 0798 Imma Duchess of Swabia 62 62
D. 0783 Hildegarde Countess of Swabia (Linzgau) Empress of the Holy Roman Empire 0742 - 0814 Charlemagne “Charles the Great” Holy Roman Emperor 71 71
0739 - 0783 Lambert von Hornbach 44 44
0706 - 0722 Gui of the Franks Count de Treves 16 16
0630 - 0677 Warinus (Guerin) Autun Count of Poitiers 47 47 0630 Kunza/ Gunza De Treves 0596 - 0690 St. Clodulphe de Metz 94 94 0600 - 0677 St. Marie (Sigrada) de Alsace 77 77
0582 - 0641 St. Arnould de Heristal 58 58 (Arnulf) Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia.
Bishop of Metz (614-629)
 0581 Clothilde “Dode & Oda” de Meroving 0562 - 0601 Arnoldus (Arnoaldus) XXVII Meroving 39 39
Itte (Oda) von Swabia D. 0570 Ausbertus de Meroving
0541 - 0580 Bertha de Meroving 39 39 0499 - 0561 Clotaire I (Chlothar) “The Old” de Meroving King of Soissons, Orleans & France 62 62

0502 Ingonde (Radegonde) von Thuringia

0466 - 0511 Clovis I (Clodovic)(Chlodwig) “The Great” de Meroving King of the Salian Franks 45 45 King of the Salian Franks 481-486
King of the Franks 486-511
Clovis inherited his father's kingdom in 481, at which time he unified the Salian and Ripurian Franks. In 486 he defeated the Roman general Syagrius who ruled northern Gaul out of Soissons. By 493 he married the Burgundian princess Clotilda. In 496, after defeating the Alamanni, he was baptized, thus becoming the first Christian ruler of post-Roman Gaul. By 506 the Alamanni were subdued, and the next year Clovis finished his expansion by taking Aquitaine from the weak Visigothic king Alaric II. On Clovis' death in 511, the kingdom was split between Chlodomer (Orleans), Childebert (Paris), Chlotar (Soissons), and Theuderic (Metz).

Clovis, son of Childeric and Basina, succeeded his father in A.D. 481. Though darkness broods over his reign of thirty years, and though, considering the greatness of his work, we know little as to how he accomplished it, we have at all events some fixed chronological points for tracing his gradual advance. His first movement was against the imperial power which still maintained itself in a portion of northern Gaul, encompassed by barbarian kingdoms. Aegidius, the protector of Gaul, had been succeeded by Syagrius. We do not know what exactly was the official title under which Syagrius represented the Emperor in Gaul. Up to 480 the Emperor he represented was Julius Nepos, after 480 the Emperor whom he represented was Zeno; but Zeno at Constantinople could do nothing to help him. He was practically, though not formally, an independent ruler, and the Franks naturally came to regard the Roman province which Syagrius governed as his own kingdom. Hence he is called in their tradition "king of the Romans"; and, what is more, he is looked upon as son and successor of Aegidius, who again is considered the son of Aetius. In fact, in Frankish tradition, the last three defenders of imperial Gaul appear as a dynasty of Roman kings, and a pedigree, mounting higher, was made out for them. That is a very interesting illustration of the form in which popular tradition expresses historical facts. Syagrius resided at Soissons, and against Soissons Clovis moved in 486. A battle was fought; it is generally called the battle of Soissons, though I do not think it was necessarily fought just at that city. Syagrius was utterly defeated, and he fled to the court of the Visigothic king at Toulouse. Alaric II., son of Euric, was that king. He was not prepared to go to war with the Franks, and when Clovis sent a message peremptorily demanding that he should deliver up the fugitive, he complied.

A famous incident occured in connection with this conquest which is characteristic and instructive. There was found in the booty a beautiful vessel, a work of art, belonging to a certain bishop, and the bishop sent a particular entreaty to Clovis to restore it to him. Gregory does not mention the bishop's name, but it can be shown, almost to a certainty, that it was Remigius, bishop of Reims. The king desired to do this favour to the bishop, and he told him to come to Soissons where the spoils were to be divided. At the division of the spoils, the king requested his warriors to reserve this vessel for himself, and all consented except one, who declared that the king should not have more than his legal share, and followed up his protest by breaking the vessel with a stroke of his axe. The Frank was within his rights; the king was forced to suppress his wrath. But next year Clovis held a review of his army. Singling out the offender, he found fault with something in his equipment, and snatching a weapon from him threw it on the ground. The soldier bent down to take up the weapon, and Clovis split his skull with his axe, saying, "Thus didst thou to the vessel of Soissons." Probably this incident has an historical basis; it certainly is not a Frankish legend; it was rather derived from an ecclesiastical source, as the subject indicates; and it has been conjectured with much probability that Gregory's source was the Life of St. Remigius, the bishop concerned, for we know that this biography was consulted by Gregory. The instructive points in the incident are two: first, the policy of Clovis, though he was still a pagan, to conciliate the Gallo-Roman bishops; secondly, the limitation of the royal power at this period; the Frank warriors are all on an equality with the king at the division of the spoils; one of them fearlessly asserts this equality, and the king cannot resent it; he can only bide his time for revenge. Such an incident would hardly have happened a generation later. Now, in respect of this limited character of the kingly power, it is important to remark that there were other kings among the Salian Franks besides Clovis, though he was pre-eminent. There was a king called Ragnachar who reigned at Cambrai, and there was another, Chararic, both kinsmen of Clovis. It has been thought by some critics that these kings must have been suppressed, and all the Salians united under the sole authority of Clovis, before he conquered Syagrius and the Roman province. I believe that this criticism is wholly from the purpose. Gregory tells us, and his authority may very well be a notice in the Annals of Angers, that Ragnachar co-operated with Clovis in that expedition. And the tradition which records how Clovis marched against Chararic and destroyed him records this act just after the war against Syagrius, and accounts for it by the circumstance that Chararic held aloof from that war. The truth seems to be that it was his success in that war and the heightening of his prestige that enabled Clovis to take steps to make his own authority sole and undivided over the Salians, and to get rid of the other kings. As the stories of his dealings with these kings were derived by Gregory from native legends, and as legend could be taken for fact, Clovis's character would be established as that of a cruel and bloodthirsty tyrant. But an examination of them shows that no inference can reasonably be made; the means by which he is represented to have annexed the kingdoms of his kinsmen are certainly not historical; and national epics love a perfidious and successful hero.

There is, however, one chronological indication of Clovis's authority over the Salians. We learn that at this time, 486, he attacked the Thuringians. Now, an aggression against the kingdom of Thuringia beyond the Rhine seems at this period of Clovis's reign highly improbable, in fact out of the question; and therefore we may take it that the Thuringian name here too refers to the land of the Salians, the Belgic Thuringia, and that this expedition of Clovis was one of the steps by which he became sole sovereign of the Salians.

With the conquest of Syagrius the power of Clovis, as I have said, reached to the Seine. It was followed by a further extension, of which we have no direct historical record and which we can only infer from subsequent events, an extension to the Loire. Here the people with whom Clovis had to do were partly men of our own race---the Saxons, against whom his father and the imperial generals had fought together.

THE MARRIAGE OF CLOVIS AND CLOTILDA

It was probably in the early 'nineties that Clovis celebrated his marriage with a Christian princess, Clotilda of Burgundy, the niece of King Gundobad, the lawgiver of Burgundy. About a generation after this espousal, a legend grew up about it---a legend of which I must speak, because it has been taken for serious history and it has thrown a shadow over the character of Clotilda, and a still darker shadow over the character of King Gundobad. The story is told in the usual abridged way by Gregory; its details have been more fully preserved by Fredegarius. Gundobad, king of Burgundy, according to the narrative, killed his brother Chilperic, and flung Chilperic's wife into the water with a stone round her neck. Chilperic had two daughters, Chrona and Clotilda. Gundobad expelled them from his court, and they lived at Geneva, where the elder became a nun. Now as Clovis often sent embassies into Burgundy, he heard about the young princess Clotilda, and he despatched a trusty Roman named Aurelian to discover and have sight of her, if by any means he could do so. At Geneva he was charitably received by the two sisters. Clotilda performed the pious duty of washing the beggar's feet, and Aurelian was able to whisper to her and arrange a private meeting. He showed Clovis's ring and told her that Clovis wished her to share his throne. Clotilda said that they must ask her hand of King Gundobad, and urged great haste, fearing the return from an embassy of Aridius, Gundobad's chief minister. "If the ambassadors do not come at once, I fear that the sage Aridius will return from Constantinople and defeat our purpose." Aurelian hurried back to Clovis, who immediately sent an embassy to the king of the Burgundians. Gundobad did not dare refuse the request of Clovis, and the envoys returned with Clotilda. They placed her and her treasure in a car, but she foresaw the arrival of the dreaded Aridius from Constantinople, and she said to the chief of the embassy, "If you wish me to reach your master, let me leave this car and set me on horseback; then let us ride with all speed. If I stay in the car, I shall never see the king". So they did, they left the car and the treasure behind, and reached the court of Clovis safely. They were barely in time. For Aridius had meanwhile landed at Marseilles, learned what was going on, and hurried to find Gundobad. "I have made a treaty of friendship with the Franks," said Gundobad, "by giving Clovis my niece". "That is no treaty of friendship," said Aridius, "but the seed of everlasting discord. Remember, my lord, that you killed Chilperic, Clotilda's father, drowned her mother, slew her two brothers. If she becomes powerful, she will avenge her kindred. Send an army in pursuit and overtake her". Such was the counsel of the wise Aridius, whose coming Clotilda had so greatly dreaded. Gundobad sent a host in pursuit, but it captured nothing save the car and the treasure. Clotilda, when she reached the frontier of Burgundy, had ordered her guides to devastate the country for twelve leagues round about, and when this was done she cried, "I thank thee, O God, for letting me begin my revenge for my parents and brethren".

The legendary character of the story is patent, but in this case the very basis of it is entirely fictitious. Clotilda had nothing to avenge; Gundobad had not committed the murders of which the story accuses him. His friendly relations with his brothers are, as it happens, attested in a letter which was written to him by Bishop St. Avitus to console him for a daughter's death. "On former occasions", says the saint, "you wept with unutterable emotion the loss of your brother, and your people sympathised in your grief". This passage does not refer to Godegrisil, another brother who strove with Gundobad and perished in the struggle; it must refer to Chilperic. The testimony seems definitely to exclude the hypothesis that Gundobad slew Chilperic, as the legend assumes. Besides this, the epitaph of Chilperic's wife, Clotilda's mother, has survived in a church at Lyons. Her name was Caretena, and she died in the year 506, many years after her daughter's marriage. This legend, then, of the wicked uncle is not in accordance with historical facts: how did it come to arise? It has been shown beyond question that it originated after the great war of A.D. 523 between the Burgundians and the Franks, in which King Sigismund of Burgundy and his family tragically perished. It was to explain the origin and reason of this later war, which seemed so tragic because the royal families of the two nations were so closely allied, that popular imagination invented the story. If Clotilda were not avenging some old wrong, how could she have permitted her sons to destroy her kinsmen? Thus was suggested the story of old wrongs, a former scene in a poetical drama of injury and revenge. The connection is manifested by the mode in which the crime is made in the legend to correspond to the revenge. King Sigismund and his wife were slain and thrown into a well; accordingly, Chilperic's wife must be slain along with him and thrown into the water; again, two sons of Sigismund perished with him; therefore two sons of Chilperic (who may have never existed) must perish with him. We can thus safely conclude that the true Gundobad was not the sanguinary tyrant of later tradition, nor was Clotilda the bearer of tragedy and doom to the Burgundian house as she appears in the story.

THE CONQUEST OF THE ALAMANNI

A war of far greater moment, a war decisive in the growth of the Merovingian dominion, broke out in the year A.D. 496. The kingdom of the Alamanni on the upper Rhine marched on its northern boundary with the territory of the Ripuarian Franks, and the Ripuarians had to suffer or resist Alamannic aggression. Thus we find the Ripuarian king Sigebert in a battle with this enemy, receiving a wound which lamed him for life. That battle was fought at Tolbiacum, now Zulpich, in the Duchy of Ulich, west of Bonn, which shows that the Alamanni had invaded Ripuarian territory. The existence of such hostilities could easily furnish the Salian king with a pretext for attacking the Alamanni, and he may well have posed as a protector of the Ripuarians. But his determination to attack them was a resolve of the highest consequence for the historical role of the Franks. It decided that their power was to be not only Gallic but Germanic. The conquest of 486 had been the great step leading to advance to the west; the conquest of 496 was the great step leading to advance to the east. The Frank power was to bestride the Rhine, and to lay the foundations of modern Germany as well as of modern France. In historical books, up to very recent times, you will find it stated that the battle in which Clovis overthrew the Alamannic power was fought at Tolbiacum. That is a serious error, and has no shadow of authority. There was, as I just mentioned, a fight at Tolbiacum, and it was a fight between the Alamanni and a Frank king, but the Frank king was Sigebert the Ripuarian, not Clovis the Salian. The great victory of Clovis was probably won in Alamannic territory; but we must not build on the untrustworthy Life of St. Vedastus, where, though no definite locality is given, it seems implied that the war was waged in Alsace.
(2004 Northvegr Foundation)

 0475 - 0545 St. Clothilde de Burgundy 70 70 Clotilda was the younger daughter of King Chilperic II of the Burgundians. On her father's murder by her uncles, she and her sister Chroma escaped Burgundy. Clotilda married Clovis, King of the Franks, in 493 and had with him five children. She was the person primarily responsible for Clovis' conversion to Christianity, and, therefore, the conversion of all of France. At Clovis' death in 511, Clotilda went into a monastery at Tours where she stayed until her death in 545. She was canonized a few years after her death, and her traditional feast day is June 3.

Clothilde was matriarch to a family of saints and horrid sinners. Her granddaughter Bertha married Saint Ethelbert of Kent and prepared his heart for conversion. Their daughter Saint Ethelburga brought her husband King Saint Edwin to the Faith. Clothilde's other granddaughter Clotsinde married Albion, king of Arian Lombards, and converted him. Her grandson Clodoaldus, saved from his scheming uncle by his grandmother, became a priest and monk.
Clothilde, the daughter of King Chilperic of Burgundy, was born about the time of the fall of Rome. Western Europe was overcome by barbarians. Cathedrals and monasteries were

The Franks invaded and had to choose between pagan beliefs and Christianity. About 492, Clothilde married Clovis, king of the Salian Franks who was attracted by her beauty and wisdom.
According to Saint Gregory of Tours, she became the means of leading her husband to embrace Christianity. She had their first son baptized, but he died soon after. Her husband connected the child's baptism and death. The next child, Clodomir, became ill after baptism, but survived, as did two other sons and a daughter. Clovis was finally convinced of the truth of Christianity when he won a battle against the Alemanni that was seemingly lost after praying to "Clotilde's God" and promising that he would be baptized if the victory was his. After Clovis was baptized on Christmas Day in 496 by Bishop Saint Remigius of Rheims, the Roman Church turned its eyes west and north.

Later, Clovis and Clothilde together built the Church of the Apostles, later called Saint Geneviève, in Paris, where Clothilde was later buried. (Amazingly, her relics survived the French Revolution and can now be found at the church of Saint-Leu, Paris.)

Clothilde, after Clovis's death (511) retained enormous wealth, but could not control her children, who had become boy-kings. Visigoth Amalaric (an Arian) demanded her only daughter Clothilde II in marriage, in exchange for which, he might permit peace. Wars broke out among royal kinsfolk. Clodomir was killed and Clothilde took his three sons in her care. Anguished at the murder of two of Clodimir's sons by their uncle Clotaire, she placed the youngest (Saint Cloud or Clodoaldus, aged five) in the monastery at Versailles and retired to Saint Martin's at Tours. There she spent the rest of her life helping the sick and the poor, building churches and monasteries, and praying for her country. Churches at Laon, Andelys, and Rouen claim to have been built by her.

Amalaric treated her daughter cruelly, her brother Childebert killed her husband. But Clothilde II dies on the way home. Clothilde I prayed and did penance for her two assassin sons. Queen Clothilde died on June 3, 545, in the presence of these two sons. At her passing, a dazzling light and heavenly incense filled the room (Attwater, Benedictines, Delaney, Encyclopedia, Farmer Martindale).

In art, Saint Clotilda is dressed in royal robes with an angel near her bearing a shield with fleur-de-lys (Roeder). She is often shown at the baptism of Clovis or as a suppliant at the shrine of Saint Martin. If you go through the images at Clothilde at Prayer, you will find most of her story in pictures. In Normandy, she was the patroness of the lame and invoked against death and iniquitous husbands (Farmer). 0436 - 0481 Childeric I de Meroving 45 45 0438 - 0480 Basina Andovera von Thuringia 42 42 0411 - 0458 Merovaeus (Meerweg) (Merovech) Merovee 47 47
0419 Verica ? 0380 - 0447 Clodius of the Franks “Long Haired” King of West Phalia 67 67 (aka Clodio, Chlodio, Chlodion, Clodion, Chlogio, and Clodian)
Ruled 426-447.  There are basically only two sources of information for Clodio's history: the writings of Gregory of Tours and Sidonius Apollinaris.

Clodio lived in Dispargum, a name that is believed to be that of a castle, rather than a village. Around 431, he invaded the territory of Artois, but was defeated near Hesdin by Aetius, the commander of the Roman army in Gaul, Western Roman Empire. However, Clodio regrouped and soon was able to seize the town Cameracum. Eventually, he occupied all the country as far as the Somme River and making Tournai the capital of the Salian Franks.

Clodio's aggressive action to seize more territory led to centuries of expansion by his successors that ultimately created what we know today as the country of France. Clodio died sometime between 447 and 449 and power passed on to Meroveus. It is not known if Meroveus was his son or another chieftain of the tribe who ascended into the leadership role.

"It is related that Chlodio, a brave man and the most noble of his race, was at that time king of the Franks. He lived in the stronghold of Dispargum, which is in the borders of the Thuringians. Chlodio sent reconnoitrers to the city of Cameracum (Cambrai): they explored the whole district, and then Chlodio followed, defeated the Romans and captured the city, where he resided for some time. Then he occupied all the country as far as the river Somme."  (Gregory of Tours)
 0398 Basina de Thuringia 0370 - 0426 Pharamond of the Franks 56 56 Ruled 409-426.
 0376 Argotta of the Franks 0347 - 0404 Marcomir I of the Franks 57 57 0324 - 0389 Clodius of the Franks 65 65 D. 0379 Dagobert of the Franks 0262 - 0358 Genebald of the Franks 96 96 0230 - 0317 Dagobert of the Franks 87 87 ? 0215 - 0306 Walter (Gautier) of the Franks 91 91 ? 0778 - 0840 Louis I “The Pious” Holy Roman Emperor 61 61
0778 - 0818 Ermengarde (Irmengarde) Princess of Hesbaye 40 40
0753 Ingeramne Duke of Hesbaye
0758 Edith of Saxony Duchess of Hesbaye
0717 - 0778 Sigramine (Gunderlande) Count of Hasbania 61 61
Landrade 0689 - 0741 Charles Martel “the Hammer” Mayor of the Palace 52 52 Duc de Antrim.
 0705 - 0778 Swanhilde of Bavaria 73 73 Swanhilde was the daughter of Grimaldo II of BAVARIA and Viletrude
 0634 - 0714 Pepin II “The Great” of Heristal Mayor of the Palace Duc de Brabant 80 80 Pepin II "The Great" of Heristal Mayor of the Palace (to King Theurdoric) Duc de Brabant.
 0654 Elphide (Chalpaida)(Alpais) von Sachsen
0602 - 0685 Ansigise Meroving 83 83 0613 - 0698 St. Beggue “Begue” de Landin 85 85 0591 - 0639 Pepin I “The Old” de Landen 48 48
0597 - 0652 Itte (Itta) de Metz 55 55
0570 - 0615 Carloman (Major Domus) Mayor of Austrasia 45 45
Charles Count of Brabant
0714 - 0768 Pepin III (Pippin) “The Short” King of France 54 54
0720 - 0783 Bertha (Bertrada) “The Broadfoot” of Laon 63 63
D. 0690 Claribert I (Heribert) Count of Laon 0704 Bertrada Princess of France
0687 - 0715 Dagobert III King of France 28 28
0670 - 0711 Childebert II Of France 41 41
0652 - 0691 Thierry III (Theodoric)(Theudebert) King of the Franks 39 39
0654 - 0691 Clotilde Queen of the Franks 37 37
0634 - 0656 Clovis II (Chlodovech) 22 22 0638 - 0684 Bathilde of France 46 46
0602 - 0637 Dagobert I of the Franks King of Austrasia 35 35
0614 - 0642 Nantilde Queen of the Franks 28 28
0584 - 0629 Chlothar II (Clotaire) King of Franks 45 45 0586 - 0604 Haldetrude Queen Of Soissons 18 18 0523 - 0584 Chilperic I of the Soissons King of the Franks 61 61
0543 - 0597 Fredegund of Soissons 54 54 0443 - 0490 Chilperic II King of Burgundy 47 47
Agrippine (Caratena) de Bourgogne aka Caretena Agrippina de Narbonne. 0413 - 0473 Gondioc de Bourgogne 60 60 aka Gonthaires (Gundiock Gundovech Gundowech Gundiok Gundwig Gunderic Gundioc Gundachar)
0435 - 0506 Caratone de Suevia 71 71 0385 - 0436 Gundicaire de Burgundy 51 51
Giolahaire de Burgundy
Godomar de Burgundy
Gibica de Burgundy 0390 Banin “Chlodwig I”
Basine De Saxe Wedelphus von Thuringia
D. 0419 Genebald Duke of the East Franks D. 0398 Dagobert of the Franks D. 0378 Clodius V of the Franks
D. 0360 Theodimir of the Franks D. 0350 Richimer II of the Franks
Hastila of the Franks 0251 - 0337 Clodomir IV of the Franks 86 86 0200 - 0298 Clodius III of the Franks 98 98 0180 - 0272 Bartherus of the Franks 92 92 0160 - 0253 Hilderic of the Franks 93 93 0137 - 0213 Sunno (Huano) of the Franks 76 76
0122 - 0186 Farabert of the Franks 64 64 0104 - 0166 Clodomir IV King of the Franks 62 62 0106 Halfilda Rugii Queen of the Franks 0090 - 0149 Marcomir IV King of the Franks 59 59 0090 Athildus Queen of the Franks D. 0150 Coel (Croilus) King of Britain (Silures tribe).  Ruled c125-150.

Old King Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he.
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl,
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Now every fiddler had a fine fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he.
Tweedle dum, tweedle dee, went the fiddlers three,
Tweedledum-dee, dum-de-dee, dum-de-dee.

Old King Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he.
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl,
And he called for his harpers three.
Every harper had a fine harp,
And a very fine harp had he.
Twang-a-twang, twang-a-twang, went the harpers three,
Twang-a-twang, twang, twang-a-twang-a-twee.

Old King Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he.
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl,
And he called for his drummers three.
Every drummer had a fine drum,
And a very fine drum had he.
Rub-a-dub, rub-a-dub, went the drummers three,
Rub-a-dub, dub, rub-a-dub-a-dee.

Old King Cole
 
IN Tilbury Town did Old King Cole   
A wise old age anticipate,   
Desiring, with his pipe and bowl,   
No Khan’s extravagant estate.   
No crown annoyed his honest head,            5
No fiddlers three were called or needed;   
For two disastrous heirs instead   
Made music more than ever three did.   

Bereft of her with whom his life   
Was harmony without a flaw,           10
He took no other for a wife,   
Nor sighed for any that he saw;   
And if he doubted his two sons,   
And heirs, Alexis and Evander,   
He might have been as doubtful once           15
Of Robert Burns and Alexander.   

Alexis, in his early youth,   
Began to steal—from old and young.   
Likewise Evander, and the truth   
Was like a bad taste on his tongue.           20
Born thieves and liars, their affair   
Seemed only to be tarred with evil—   
The most insufferable pair   
Of scamps that ever cheered the devil.   

The world went on, their fame went on,           25
And they went on—from bad to worse;   
Till, goaded hot with nothing done,   
And each accoutred with a curse,   
The friends of Old King Cole, by twos,   
And fours, and sevens, and elevens,           30
Pronounced unalterable views   
Of doings that were not of heaven’s.   

And having learned again whereby   
Their baleful zeal had come about,   
King Cole met many a wrathful eye           35
So kindly that its wrath went out—   
Or partly out. Say what they would,   
He seemed the more to court their candor;   
But never told what kind of good   
Was in Alexis and Evander.           40

And Old King Cole, with many a puff   
That haloed his urbanity,   
Would smoke till he had smoked enough,   
And listen most attentively.   
He beamed as with an inward light           45
That had the Lord’s assurance in it;   
And once a man was there all night,   
Expecting something every minute.   

But whether from too little thought,   
Or too much fealty to the bowl,           50
A dim reward was all he got   
For sitting up with Old King Cole.   
“Though mine,” the father mused aloud,   
“Are not the sons I would have chosen,   
Shall I, less evilly endowed,           55
By their infirmity be frozen?   

“They’ll have a bad end, I’ll agree,   
But I was never born to groan;   
For I can see what I can see,   
And I’m accordingly alone.           60
With open heart and open door,   
I love my friends, I like my neighbors;   
But if I try to tell you more,   
Your doubts will overmatch my labors.   

“This pipe would never make me calm,           65
This bowl my grief would never drown.   
For grief like mine there is no balm   
In Gilead, or in Tilbury Town.   
And if I see what I can see,   
I know not any way to blind it;           70
Nor more if any way may be   
For you to grope or fly to find it.   

“There may be room for ruin yet,   
And ashes for a wasted love;   
Or, like One whom you may forget,           75
I may have meat you know not of.   
And if I’d rather live than weep   
Meanwhile, do you find that surprising?   
Why, bless my soul, the man’s asleep!   
That’s good. The sun will soon be rising."

King Cole, who lived in the third century, and who was the founder of the city of Colchester in Essex England. "Colchester" means "Cole's castle."  There may have been two rulers of that name in Colchester, a "Cole Godhebog", or "Cole the Magnificent"; and "Cole Hen", "Cole the Old" ( if a person lived to be 50-60 years of age, the word Hen was added to the name). Little is known of either monarch, or whether there were indeed two Coles, or only one. There is also Shakespear's Cymbeline, in which King Cole is said to be in Cunobelinus.
It is also believed that King Cole is the Celtic Gaulish God Camulus (alternatively Camulos), God of War. The old name of Colchester was Camulodunum, and the derivation sequence /kamul/ (+ lenition) > /kawul/ > /kaul/ > /ko:l/ is not impossible, especially among the Celtic languages. If Camulus is Cole, then Colchester (from the Latin for "Cole's fortress") and Camulodunum (from Brythonic Celtic for "the fortress of Camulus") are synonyms; it is likely that the Latin form is taken from the Celtic language.The Romans associated Camulos with Mars (Ares), the Roman God of War. Camulos was the tribal god of the Remi, a Gallic tribe living in Belgium and the Sabines. Camulos was said to have wield an invincible Sword, which was one of the four chief treasures of the Tuatha De Danann, over whom, he was twice King. Mars may have been worshipped under the name Camulus, both an old stone at Rome in the house of Collotians, and altars discovered with this inscription say, "CAMVLO DEO SANCTO ET FORTISSIMO",  "TO CAMULUS THE HOLY AND MOST MIGHTY GOD". It is said that Camulus delighted in Battle and the slaughter. The latin poet Lucan tells us, "with human sacafices, shared in by his female consorts, who we may imagine, were not more merciful than himself". Also identified as a storm god, and was parallelled by Taranis.“Taranis” means “Thunderer” suggesting a Celtic verson of Thor. His perfered method of sacrifice was by fire. There is at Glasgow an inscription to Camulus, 'the warlike heaven-god,' who "appears in Gaelic myth as Cumhal, the father of Finn, and in British mythical history as Cole, a duke of Caer Coelvin (known earlier as Camulodunum, and now as Colchester), who seized the crown of Britain, and spent his short reign in a series of Battles.

Colchester contains an old Roman quarry that is called "King Cole's Kitchen".  Geoffrey of Monmouth ( a clergyman and one of the major figures in the development of British history)  claims that Old King Cole was the father of Saint Helena  (who is traditionally the discoverer of the true cross while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem), mother of the Emperor Constantine.

The word ceol means music in Gaelic, and this may be the origin of the rhyme about Cole and his fiddlers.  It is believed that the pipe in the nursery rhyme is a musical instrument.

The Cole family is often referred to as the "Cole race". They ruled the biggest area of Britain (which at that time consisted of a combined England, Scotland and Wales) which encompassed present day Southern Scotland, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria.

Cole Hen himself (Old King Cole) reigned from about 350 to 420 and prior to Arthur, 'fighting duke' of the Cole's, who later became a King.

Not much is known of the Cole race earlier than Cole Hen and his brothers. The brothers were Hen (the oldest) died about 420, Dyfynwal of Dumbarton and Clyde died about 440, Amlauit Wledic (or Lluch) died about 440, ruling East Cumbria, North Lancashire and most of Yorkshire, whose wife was Gwen, daughter of Cunedda and Arthur's maternal Great grandfather. The ruler of Setantii and lower Lancashire was Seithenin.

Two of Cole's sons were Ceneu and Gorbanian of whom nothing else is known. Another son was thought to be Meirchawn whose uncle Mor and cousin Morydd were thought to be father and brother of Merlin. Meirchawn had two sons, March 500 - 530 and Llyr Merini, with two sisters Eliffer and Gwenddoleu. Rhodric Mawr was an ancestor of Cole Hen, as was Mathew Hen, son of Brochfael Ysgythrog King of Powys.

Other notes about the Cole family are as follows. Padarn Peisrudd was the grandfather of Cunedda of Gododin, who with Urien of Rheged and Gwallauc of Elmet were the warrior leaders of the Cole dynasty. Owein the son of Urien was a Cole family member so must have married into the family. Talhearn, who lived at the time of Arthur, was a family member and his son Aneirin died about 600.

In a new system or analysis of ancient mythology by Jacob Bryant of Cypersham, is an elaborate dissertation thereon, consisting of more than three quarto-pages, wherein he shows it to be the same as Cou-el or Co-el. Heavenly, or the House or Region of Deity, for the place of worship was, in many instances, taken for the person to who the worship was directed. He says that Colins from Coel, the old Latin forum of Coleus, meant "a Sacred or Heavenly person, in other worlds a priest of Coelus."


 Princess of Britain (Catuvellauni tribe)

 Cyllin Prince of Britain (Catuvellauni tribe)
Taken prisoner to Rome in chains. Caratacus King of Britain (Cantii tribe)
Taken prisoner in Rome by Claudius.
Ruled Cantii from c40, Catuvellauni and Silures 43-51. Cynfelyn (Trinovantes tribe)
Immortalised by Shakespeare as Cymbeline.
Ruled 1-41 AD, also the Catuvellauni from c10 AD. Tenuantius (Catuvellauni tribe) King of Britain First chief of Catuvellaunis to mint coins.
Ruled his tribe in mid England c2-c10AD D. 0125 Marius (Meurig) King of Britain (Silures tribe)
Marius=romanization of Meurig=in Celtic Y-Veurig.
Rules (possibly the Silures) in Wales c74-c125 AD.

Merius: he was also known as Meric and Meurig. He was King of Britain from 74-125 AD.

He was the son of Venissa (Genvissa) and Arviragus (or Gweirydd). (Magna Carta, by John Wurts, 1945)

Merius married a daughter of Boudicia and Prasutagus, King of the Icenians. Prasutagus was a client-king of the Romans who was assured rule of the Iceni thanks to the services rendered to Claudius during the invation of AD 43.

Children: 1)– Cole/Colius I (Wurts, 1945) 2)– Eurgen (Magna Carta, by John Wurts, 1945)

He was king of Britain in AD 74-125. (Wurts, 1945)

Boudicca (pronounced Boo-dikka), also known as Boadicea and Boudica, was a Celtic chieftain who led the Iceni and a number of other Celtic tribes, including the neighbouring Trinovantes, in a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces in Britain in AD 61. The tribal ruler Prasutagus, Boudicca's husband, led the Iceni, who lived in the future East Anglia. He had compromised his political position by entering into a number of agreements with the Romans, amongst them bequeathing part of his dominions to them, in hope that they would protect his family's title to the remainder. When he died in AD 61, Procurator Catus Decianus seized his entire estate. Boudicca assembled an army and laid waste to Colchester, London and Verulamium. Boadicea died in AD 62. Julia (Iceni tribe)
 Prasutagus King of Britain (Iceni tribe)
Ruled the Iceni tribe in Wales, client king of Romans. Bodicea Queen of Britain (Iceni tribe)
Ruled the Icenis 59-61 AD; rebelled against Romans. Antedios King of Britain (Iceni tribe)
Ruled the Icenis in Wales from c. 25 AD. Addedomaros King of Britain (Trinovantes tribe)
Ruled the Trinovante tribe in Essex c30-c20 BC. King of Britain (Trinovantes tribe) Ruled 54-c30 BC, restored king of Trinovantis by Caesar. Imanuentius King of Britain Died 55 BC (Trinovantes tribe)
Ruled the Trinovantes tribe in Essex.
Died 55 BC, killed by Caswallon of the Catuvellauni tribe. Gweirydd King of Britain (Silures tribe)
Ruled 44-74 AD as tribute-paying king of Claudius, whose daughter he married D. 0050 Genvissa Queen of Britain VENISSA (Silures tribe)
Given by Claudius during his british campaign in 43 AD.

She was also known as Genvissa and Venus Julia. Venissa was the daughter of Claudius I and Agrippina the Younger. (Wurts, 1945)

She married ARVIRAGUS, a Druid king of the Britons. Arviragus was the eleventh son of Cymbeline (also Cynvelin and Cunobeline) who was the son of Tenuantius who was the son of Lud who was the son of Beli Mawr who's daughter married Bran ap Llyr. Arviragus eventually succeeded his brother Guiderius as king of Britain in AD 44 and he died in AD 74. (Wurts, 1945)

Some sources say she married GWEIRYDD, King of Britain. Gweirydd ruled AD 44 - 74 as a tribute-paying king of Claudius, whose daughter he married. He was the son of Cynfelyn King of the Trinovantes and Genvissa, Queen of the Silures.

Child:
– Marius also known as Meric/Meurig (Wurts, 1945)

Venissa was the half sister of little Octavia, the wife of the Emperor Nero, who conferred the title of Augusta upon her.

 D. 0054 Tiberius Claudius Nero Emperor of Rome Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius (I) Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. Born in Lugdunum in Gaul (modern-day Lyon, France), to Drusus and Antonia Minor, he was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy.
Claudius was considered a rather unlikely man to become emperor. He reportedly walked with a heavy limp his entire life and spoke with a stammer, and his despairing family had virtually excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in 37. This infirmity may have saved him from the fate of many other Roman nobles during the purges of Tiberius and Caligula's reigns.

Claudius' scholarly works:
Exclusion from public life suited his inclination towards the academic. Whilst still a boy Claudius started work on a Roman history which opened with the murder of Julius Caesar, then skipped a few years and started again at the close of the Civil Wars in forty-three volumes. He also wrote twenty volumes on Etruscan History and eight volumes on Carthaginian History. Lamentably none of these have survived.

He also proposed a reform of the Roman alphabet by adding three new letters.

Accession as emperor:
After a conspiracy of officers, including Cassius Chaerea, and Senators assassinated Caligula, a group of regular soldiers "appointed" Claudius his successor, thinking that in Claudius they would have a pliant benefactor. Although Claudius had no intention of becoming Emperor, shortly after the Senate confirmed his status he embarked on several ambitious projects, one of which was the expansion of the Roman harbor near Ostia which would become the harbor city of Portus. Rome enjoyed military success under Claudius as well. In 47, his legions finally subdued Britannia, bringing the restive province into the Empire for the next 350 years.

Marriages:
Claudius married four times. His first two marriages, to Plautia Urgulanilla and Aelia Paetina, ended in divorce. His third wife, Messalina, was put to death on his orders. His last wife was his niece Agrippina, who was the mother of his successor, the notorious Nero.

Urgulanilla gave birth to two children: a son, Claudius Drusus, and a daughter, Claudia. According to Suetonius, Claudius Drusus had just been betrothed to Junilla, the daughter of Sejanus, when he choked to death on a pear he had thrown into the air and caught in his mouth. There was some doubt as to Claudia's parentage, and Claudius eventually repudiated her. His second marriage produced one child, a daughter named Claudia Antonia. Messalina gave birth to two children: a son, Britannicus, and a daughter, Octavia.

Claudius and the Praetorian Guard:
Because he was proclaimed emperor on the initiative of the Prætorian Guard instead of the Senate – the first emperor thus proclaimed – Claudius's repute suffered at the hands of commentators (such as Seneca) with axes to grind. Moreover, he was the first Emperor who resorted to bribery as a means to secure army loyalty. Nevertheless, his general approbation, in contrast to that of predecessors Tiberius and Caligula, is attested by his apotheosis and the raising of the temple to Divus Claudius, on the Caelian Hill in Rome, following his death. Those who regard this homage by Agrippina as cynical should note that, cynical or not, such a move would hardly have benefited those involved, had Claudius been "hated," as some commentators (even modern commentators) characterize him. Moreover, though Claudius's divinity was annulled by Nero, it was later restored by the "good" emperor Vespasian.

Claudius was also the first emperor to be titulated "Caesar" purely as an honorific. (He had no legal claim to the name.) Caesar would thus become part of the nomenclature of every succeeding Roman emperor and would be adopted as the title of the German (Kaiser) and Russian (Czar) emperors.
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Claudius came to power when, after Gauis' murder on January 24, 41, he was found in the palace by a soldier. He was 51 years old at the time. The Praetorian Guard made him emperor on January 25. He emphasized his friendship with the army and paid cash for his proclamation as emperor. (Low, 1960)

He was ruthless and occasionally cruel in his dealings with the Senate (who at most were ambigious toward him). Claudius annexed Mauretania and landed in southern Britain in 43 AD. Agrippa's kingdoms of Judea and Thrace were re-absorbed into the Roman empire in 44 AD and the authority of provincial procurators was extended. He improved the judicial system and favored a moderate extension of Roman citizenship. He also respected tradition and revived old religious ceremonies. He reorganized the grain supply and constructed a harbor in Ostia. Claudius confirmed existing Jewish rights and priviledges and tried to protect them without provoking Egyptian nationalism. (Low, 1960)

Claudius composed 20 books of Etruscan and 8 books of Carthaginian history, all in Greek; an autobiography; and a historical treatise on the Roman alphabet with suggestions for orthographical reform - which when he bacame Emperor he tried to impliment, but was not successful. He also wrote on dice playing. All his works are lost. (Low, 1960)
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The emperor Claudius was the protagonist of the books " I, Claudius" and "Claudius the God" by Robert Graves. The books are written from a first-person perspective, giving the impression of having been written by Claudius himself as his autobiography. Graves's conceit that they were translations of writings by Claudius that had been recently discovered extended even to the point for Claudius to relate that his visit to an oracle predicted that they would be discovered "nineteen hundred year or near" later. Those books were the basis for a thirteen-part BBC series, first broadcast in the U.S. on Masterpiece Theatre in 1977, also titled
" I, Claudius" and starring Derek Jacobi in the title role.


 D. 0059 Julia Agrippina Minor of Rome Julia Agrippina Minor of Rome Lud King of Britain   Beli Mawr King of Britain Beli Mawr's daughter married Bran ap Llyr. D. 0128 Odomir King of the Franks D. 0114 Richemer King of the Franks D. 0100 Ascyla Ratherius King of the Franks Antenor III King of the Franks Clodomir King of the Franks Marcomir King of the Franks Clodius II King of the Franks Francus “Franko” King of the Franks The Sicambri (var. Sicambres, Sigambrer, Sugumbrer, Sugambri) were originally a Scythian or Cimmerian tribe who once inhabited the mouth of the river Danube. The Merovingian kings claimed their descent from the Sicambri, asserting that this tribe had changed their name to "Franks" in 11 BC under the leadership of a certain chieftain called "Franko".

The West Germanic tribe of the Sigambrer (Sicambri) appear around 55 BC, during the time of the Roman Empire, on the right bank of the Rhine between the rivers Ruhr and Sieg, in an area that is today part of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The river Sieg, as well as the city of Siegen, were said to be named for this tribe.

In 11 BC, they were forced by the Romans to move to the left side of the Rhine, where they evidently formed a central component of the confederacy of Franks. Their new homeland was located in what is now the region of Gelderland in the Netherlands, on the lower Rhine river.

Gregory of Tours states that the Frankish leader Clovis, on the occasion of his baptism into the Catholic faith in 496, was referred to as Sicamber by the officiating bishop of Rheims -- recalling again the link between the Sugambri and Clovis' ancestors, the Merovingian royal house of the Franks.
 Antharius King of Sicamber Cassander King of Sicamber Merodachus King of Sicamber Died 94 BC Chlodomir II King of Sicamber Died 122 BC Antenor II King of Sicamber Died 142 BC Clodius King of Sicamber Marcomir King of Sicamber Died 169 BC Nicanor King of Sicamber Chlodimir I King of Sicamber Died 223 BC Sedanus Queen of Sicamber Basanus King of Sicamber Died 241 BC Diocles King of Sicamber Scythian descendants of Gomer, son of Japheth, son of Noah.

The word "Ashkenaz" itself first appears in the genealogy in the Tanakh (Genesis 10) as a son of Gomer and grandson of Japheth. It is thought that the name originally applied to the Scythians (Ishkuz), who were called Ashkuza in Assyrian inscriptions, and lake Ascanius and the region Ascania in Anatolia derive their names from this group. The "Ashkuza" have also been linked to the Oghuz branch of Turks including nearly all Turkic peoples today from Turkey to Turkmenistan.

Ashkenaz in later Hebrew tradition became identified with the peoples of Germany, and in particular to the area along the Rhine where the Allemani tribe once lived.

The link between Japheth and the Europeans stems from Genesis 10:5, which states that the sons of Japheth moved to the "isles of the gentiles," commonly believed to be the Greek isles.

In the Bible, Japheth is ascribed seven sons: Gomer, Magog, Tiras, Javan, Meshech, Tubal, and Madai.

In Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, I.VI.122 (Whiston).
Josephus wrote:

"Japhet, the son of Noah, had seven sons: they inhabited so, that, beginning at the mountains Taurus and Amanus, they proceeded along Asia, as far as the river Tanais (Don), and along Europe to Cadiz; and settling themselves on the lands which they light upon, which none had inhabited before, they called the nations by their own names."
Josephus subsequently detailed the nations supposed to have descended from the seven sons of Japheth. Among the nations various later writers have attempted to assign to them are as follows:

- Javan: Greeks (Ionians)
- Magog: Scythians, Slavs, Irish, Hungarians
- Madai: Mitanni, Mannai, Medes, Persians, Indo-Aryans, Kurds
- Tubal: Tabali, Caucasus Iberians, Italics, Illyrians, Iberians, Basques
- Tiras: Thracians, Goths, Jutes, Teutons
- Meshech: Phrygians, Caucasus Iberians, Algonquians
- Gomer: Scythians, Turks, Armenians, Welsh, Picts, Irish, Germans.

1090 - 1147 Robert de Caen Earl of Mellant 57 57 Earl of Gloucester D. 1157 Mabel Fitzhamon 1068 - 1135 Henry I “Beauclerc” King of England 67 67 1079 - 1118 Matilda “Atheling” Princess of Scotland 39 39 1033 - 1093 Malcolm III “Ceanmor (Longneck)” King of Scotland 60 60 1042 - 1093 Margaret “Atheling” Queen of Scotland 51 51 1013 - 1040 Duncan I King of Scotland 27 27 1014 - 1040 Sibyl Fitzsiward 26 26 0975 - 1045 Crinan De Mormaer 70 70 0984 Bethoc (Beatrix) Princess of Scotland 1070 - 1128 Ranulph “De Briquessart” De Meschines Earl Of Chester 58 58 1070 - 1136 Lucy Countess Of Chester 66 66 1050 - 1089 Ranulph II De Meschines Viscount De Bayeux 39 39 1052 - 1084 Maud d' Avranches 32 32 1025 - 1066 Vicomte Richard “le Goz” d' Avranches 41 41
1033 Emma de Conteville 0989 Toustien Le Goz Judith de Montanollier 1001 Harlevin de Conteville 1003 - 1050 Herleva de Falaise 47 47 0978 Fulbert de Falaise 0980 Doda 0970 Ansfred II Onfror Goz 0935 Ansfred I Rollosson 0937 Helloe ? 0874 Hrollanger Rognvaldsson 0874 Ermina 0885 Rollo Thurstan Brico 0904 Gerlotte de Blois dau. of Theobald De Tours.
 1017 Count Ranulph de Bayeux 1021 Alix de Normandie 1001 - 1028 Richard III de Normandie 27 27 0992 Count Anatel de Bayeux 0963 - 1027 Duke Richard II “The Good” de Normandie 64 64 0982 - 1017 Judith de Bretagne 35 35 0933 - 0996 Duke Richard I “The Fearless” de Normandie 63 63 0947 - 1031 Gunnor De Crepon 84 84 She held the royal title of Duchess of Normandy.  Robert de Torigny, writing after the Norman Conquest, recorded the genealogical traditions which tied many of the Norman nobility to the family of Gunnor, first mistress of Richard I, then Duchess of Normandy. He reported the tradition that Richard had become infatuated with the wife of one of his foresters, but being the pious wife, she substituted her sister Gunnor, much to everyone's satisfaction.  0900 - 0942 Duke Guillaume I de Normandie 42 42 0911 Sprote de Bretagne 0860 - 0932 Count Rollo “The Dane” Rognvaldsson 72 72 0872 - 0931 Poppa de Normandie Duchess of Norway (de Valois) 59 59
0830 - 0890 Earl Rognvald “The Wise” Eysteinsson 60 60 AKA Earl of More and Romsdal. 0848 Ragnhild Hrolfsson Countess of More 0847 - 0893 Pepin III de Senlis Count of Valois 46 46 vers 847 - entre 08 janvier 893 et 931)
 0852 ? de Rennes 0840 - 0877 Gurvand Count of Rennes 37 37 Married ? de Vannes (b. ca. 845). 0818 - 0878 Pepin de Vermandois Count of Peronne 60 60 0812 - 0858 Rothaïde de Bobbio 46 46 0797 - 0818 Bernard King of Italy 21 21 He was the King of Italy (810 - 818). He was the illegitimate son of King Pepin, the third son of the Emperor Charlemagne.  In 817, he rebelled against his uncle, the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious, but was defeated the following year.  Louis crowned his eldest son, Lothar (later Holy Roman Emperor) as King of Italy, and had Bernard blinded and imprisoned. His death in 818 grieved Louis, and his display of penance to the court in 822 reduced his prestige and respect amongst the Frankish nobility. 0795 - 0835 Cunégonde de Gellone 40 40 0755 - 0812 Saint Guillaume I de Gellone 57 57 Count of Toulouse, Marquis of Septimania.

il se montra un excellent chevalier chrétien pendant la guerre contre les sarrasins.  Il construisit un monastère à Gellone (diocèse de Lodève) et demanda des moines à Aniane.  Guilhem vivait à Gellone ("cella" de l'abbaye mère d'Aniane) une vie humble, cachée et avec une grande piété qui contrastait avec les honneurs et les plus hautes charges dont il avait été investit en tant qu'un des plus illustres homme de guerre de son temps et membre de la famille impériale.  Après sa mort le 28 mai 812, le couvent reçut le nom de Saint-Guilhem-du-Désert.  Canonisé en 1066. 0770 - 0835 Cunégonde of Austrasia 65 65 0730 - 0793 Thierry (Theoderic) Count of Autun 63 63   0724 - 0804 Aude (Aldana) de France 80 80 0695 - 0724 Rotrude De Treves Duchess of Austrasia 29 29 (Chrotrude) 0660 - 0713 St. Lievin De Treves Bishop of Treves 53 53 Bishop of Treves. 0665 Willigarde of Bavaria 0562 - 0589 Ambassador Bodogisel (Borogiso) d'Aquitaine 27 27 Patrician, Ambassador to Byzantium.
 0560 - 0634 Abbess Oda (Chrodoare) de Savoie 74 74 Abbess of Amay in Belgium ca. 589.
  0530 - 0566 Gondolfus de Soissons (Mayor of the Palace) Count of Soissons 36 36 Mayor of the Palace of Neustria.
  0540 Palatina d'Angouleme 0510 Maurilion d'Angouleme 0505 - 0532 Munderic de Cologne 27 27  He was very young in 509 at the time of his fathers’ murder. Munderic was of Vitry-en-Perthois. He revolted against Thierry I, who killed him. He was a pretender to the throne of Austrasia. 0505 Artemia (Arthemia) 1028 - 1087 William I “The Conqueror” King of England 58 58 King of England and Duke of Normandy.
William was the natural son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, his mother, Herleva, being the daughter of a tanner of Falaise. In 1035 Robert set out upon a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in which he died. Before starting he presented to the nobles this child, then seven years old, demanding their allegiance. "He is little", the father said, "but he will grow, and, if God please, he will mend." In spite of the murder of three of his guardians, and of attempts to kidnap his own person, the child, after a period of anarchy, became the ruler of Normandy in his father's place. He seems to have been a youth of clean life and of much natural piety, while the years of storm and stress through which he passed gave him an endurance and far-sighted resolution of character which lasted to his life's end. In 1047 a serious rebellion of nobles occurred, and William with the aid of Henry, King of France, gained a great victory at Val-ès-Dunes, near Caen, which led, the following year, to the capture of the two strong castles of Alençon and Domfront. Using this as his base of operations, the young duke, in 1054 and the following years, made himself master of the province of Maine and thus became the most powerful vassal of the French Crown, able on occasion to bid defiance to the king himself.

Meanwhile William had begun to take a great interest in English affairs. How far his visit to England in 1051 was directly prompted by designs upon the throne, it is impossible to say. It is in any case likely that his marriage, in spite of the papal prohibition, with Matilda, the daughter of the Earl of Flanders, in 1053, was intended as a check upon the influence exercised in that powerful quarter by Earl Godwin and his sons. Through the mediation of Lanfranc, the future archbishop, the union was legitimized by papal dispensation in 1059, but William and his wife consented to found two abbeys at Caen, by way of penance for their contumacy. Edward the Confessor had been brought up in Normandy, for he was the nephew of Duke Richard II (d. 1026). All through the reign, the king himself and at least a minority of his subjects had turned their eyes across the water, realizing that the Continent represented in general higher religious ideals and higher culture than prevailed at home. Whether any explicit promise of the succession had been made to the duke may be doubted, but one fact stands out clearly from a mass of obscure and often conflicting details: that King Harold, about the year 1064, finding himself on Norman soil, was constrained to take a solemn oath of allegiance to William. Neither can there be much doubt that this pledge was given with explicit reference to the duke's intention of contesting the English throne. The repudiation of this oath by Harold at the Confessor's death enabled William to assume the character of an avenger of perjury. He was probably sincere enough in believing himself constituted by God champion of the Church, and in obtaining from Pope Alexander II not only a blessing on his enterprise, but the gift of a specially consecrated banner as for a religious crusade. A century later Henry II, when projecting his conquest of Ireland, adopted a similar rôle. At the same time it is not now disputed by impartial historians (e. g. H. C. Davis, or C. Oman) that the claim to establish a better order of things was in fact justified by the event. "The Norman Conquest", says H. C. Davis, "raised the English to that level of culture which the continental people had already reached and left it for the Plantagenets of Anjou to make England in her turn 'a leader among nations'."

After the invasion and the decisive battle of Hastings, William at once marched on London, and there the best and wisest men of the kingdom—for example, such influential prelates as Aldred, Archbishop of York, and St. Wulstan, Bishop or Worcester—came in and tendered submission. Before the end of the year the king was crowned by Aldred (to the exclusion of Stigand) in the newly consecrated abbey-church of Westminster. In 1067 William revisited Normandy, but, owing perhaps in part to the tactlessness or incapacity of the regents, Odo of Bayeux and William Fitzosborn, he was recalled by an alarming series of popular outbreaks: first the south-west, with Exeter for a rallying-point, then the Welsh border, under the Earls Edwin and Morcar, then Northumbria, under Earl Gospatric, to be followed next year (1069) by a still more formidable rising in the north, assisted by the Danes. William met these attempts intrepidly, but sternly. In Northumbria, after the second insurrection, he inflicted a terrible vengeance. The whole country from York to Durham was laid waste, and we learn, for example, from the Domesday Book, that in the district of Amunderness, where there had been sixty-two villages in the Confessor's time, there were in 1087 but sixteen, and these with a vastly reduced population. Neither was this the only instance of such ruthless severity. A terrible penalty was exacted in other centres of rebellion, and we read not only of a wholesale use of fire and sword, but of mutilation and blinding in the case of individual offenders. The Conqueror could respect a brave foe, and he seems, in 1071, to have granted honourable terms to Hereward, the leader of the desperate resistance in the fen-country. But to Waltheof, after the collapse of the rebellion of the earls in 1075, no mercy was shown. The motive was probably political, for Lanfranc, who was with him at the last, pronounced him guiltless of the offence for which he died.

Having at last reduced the country to submission, William set to work with statesmanlike deliberation to establish his government on a firm and lasting basis. He rewarded his followers with large grants of land, but he was careful to distribute these grants in such a way that the concentration of great territorial power in the same hands was avoided. The new fiefs recorded in Domesday are vast, but scattered. Saxon institutions were as far as possible retained, especially when they might serve as a check upon the power of the great feudatories. For the most part William continued to govern through the sheriffs and the courts of the shire and of the hundred. The national levy of the fyrd was retained, and it helped to render the king less dependent upon his vassals. In spite of heavy taxation, the new government was not altogether unpopular, for the Conqueror had confirmed "the laws of Edward", and the people looked to him as their natural protector against feudal oppression. The least acceptable part of the Norman regime was probably the enforcement of the cruel forest laws; but on the other hand, modern authorities are agreed that the chroniclers of a later age enormously exaggerated the devastation said to have been caused in Hampshire by the making of the New Forest.

As for William's ecclesiastical policy, he seems conscientiously to have carried out a programme of wise reform. His appointments of bishops mere on the whole excellent. The separation of the secular and spiritual courts was a measure of supreme and far-reaching importance. The influence of the great monastic revival of Cluny was now, through Lanfranc, brought to bear on many English foundations. To the pope, William was ever careful to show himself a considerate and respectful son, even on such occasions as when he firmly resisted the claim made by Gregory VII to feudal homage. On the other hand, St. Gregory himself commended the king for the zeal he had shown in securing the freedom of the Church, and he was content, while such a spirit prevailed, to leave the sovereign practically free in his appointments to English bishoprics. Altogether Mr. C. Oman does not exaggerate when he tells us that before the Conquest "the typical faults of the dark ages, pluralism, simony, lax observance of the canons, contented ignorance, worldliness in every aspect, were all too prevalent in England"; but he adds that by the Conqueror's wise policy "the condition of the Church alike in the matter of spiritual zeal, of hard work and of learning, was much improved". In the last years of William's reign a great deal of his attention was absorbed by the political complications which threatened his Continental dominions and by the undutiful attitude of his sons. It was in avenging a gibe levelled against him by the King of France that the Conqueror met with an accident on horseback, which terminated fatally 9 Sept., 1087. He had an edifying end and died commending his soul to Our Lady, "that by her holy prayers she may reconcile me to her Son, my Lord Jesus Christ". The Saxon chronicler summed up William's character well when he wrote: "He was mild to good men who loved God, and stark beyond all bounds to those who withsaid his will."
1035 - 1083 Matilda (Maud) Queen of England 48 48 0475 - 0509 Chloderic “The Parricide” King of Cologne 34 34 0455 - 0508 Sigebert “The Lame” King of Cologne 53 53 0430 - 0447 Childebert King of Cologne 17 17 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 128.
'Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants', Langston & Buck, 1986, p cv. 0435 - 0478 Amalaberge 43 43 0986 - 1067 Richard Count Of Evreux 81 81 1004 Toni Countess Of Adele 0964 - 1037 Robert Archbishop Of Rouen 73 73 0968 Havlive De Rouen
0968 - 1045 Nigel II Viscount of St. Sanveur 77 77 Helena of Normandy 0944 Roger Viscount of St. Sanveur Nigel I Viscount of St. Sanveur 0893 - 0933 Richard de St. Sauveur 40 40 Possessed half the Isles of Manche. 0790 - 0850 Rognvald Olafsson Prince of Norway 60 60

0770 - 0840 Olaf Gudrodsson King of Norway 70 70 Ruled 810-840. 0743 Asa Haroldsdoittir Daughter of Harold "Red Lips" King of Agder. 0738 - 0810 Gudröd Halfdansson King of Norway (Vestfold) 72 72 "De Gernon" - ruled 800-810 in Vestfold, Vermaland, Vingulmark and Roumarike.
"Royalty for Commoners", Roderick W. Stuart, 1992, 2nd edition.
(This book lists all of the known ancestors of John of Gaunt, which  amounts to most of the Medieval royalty of Europe. Also see the following article: "A Mediaeval Miscellany: Commentaries on Roderick W. Stuart's Royalty for Commoners," The American Genealogist 69 (April 1994).

Gudröd the Hunter (Old Norse: Guðröðr veiðikonung, Modern Icelandic: Guðröður veiðikonung, Norwegian: Gudrød Veidekonge) was the son of Halfdan the Mild of the House of Yngling and of Liv Dagsdotter of Vestmar, according to Heimskringla, a collection of sagas from thirteenth century Iceland.

Gudröd married Alfhild, a daughter of Alfarin the king of Alfheim (Bohuslän), which was the name of the area between Glomma and Göta älv, and inherited half the province of Vingulmark. They had the son Olaf Gudrødsson.

When Alfhild died, Gudröd sent his warriors to Agder and its king Harald to propose a marriage with his daughter Åsa. However, Harald declined so Gudröd decided to take his daughter by force.

They arrived at night time and when Harald realised that he was attacked he assembled his men and fought well, but died together with his son Gyrd. Gudröd carried away Åsa and married her. He raped her and she gave him a son named Halfdan who would be called Halfdan the Black.

In the fall when Halfdan was a year old, Gudröd was having at a feast in Stiflesund. He was very drunk and in the evening as he was walking on the gangway to leave the ship, an assassin thrust a spear trough Gudröd and he was killed. Gudröd's men instantly killed the assassin who turned out to be Åsa's page-boy. Åsa admitted that the page-boy had acted on her behalf.

 0668 Eystein “the Severe” Throndsson King of the Uplands "Haardrade". 0670 Solveig Halfdansdottir Halfdan “Gold Tooth” Guldand 0995 Teto De Savona Berta de Turin 1069 - 1118 Anselm De Garlende 49 49 1073 ? de Montlhery 1037 Guy de Montlhery 1048 Elise de Corbeil 1009 Guy Seigneur de Montlhery 1014 Hodierne De Gometz 0984 Guillaume De Gometz "senechal de France " - Anselme de Sainte-Marie (augustin déchaussé), Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la couronne et de la maison du roy et des anciens barons du royaume. (Reprod. de l'éd. de Paris : chez Estienne Loyson, 1674: Num. BNF de l'éd. de Paris : Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1987. 1 microfilmReprod. de l'éd. de Paris : Compagnie des libraires associez, 1730, 1730), III:664. Hereinafter cited as Pere Anselme's Histoire, 3rd Ed..  1106 Cecily Bigod 1060 - 1107 Roger Bigod Earl of East Anglia 47 47 He was a Norman knight who came to England in the Norman Conquest. He held great power in East Anglia, and four of his descendants were Earl of Norfolk.

Roger came from a fairly obscure family of poor knights in Normandy. Robert le Bigot, who was probably Roger's father, acquired an important position in the household of William, duke of Normandy (later William I of England), due, the story goes, to his disclosure to the duke of a plot by the duke's cousin William of Mortain.

Robert or Roger, or perhaps even both, fought at the Battle of Hastings, and afterwards they were rewarded with a substantial estate in East Anglia. The Domesday Book lists Roger as holding 6 lordships in Essex, 117 in Suffolk and 187 in Norfolk.

Bigod's base was in Thetford, Norfolk where he founded a priory later donated to the great monastery at Cluny. In 1101 he further consolidated his power when Henry I granted him licence to build a castle at Framlingham, which became the family seat of power until their downfall in 1307. Two of the places associated with Roger Bigod are Framlingham and Bungay in Suffolk. Framlingham Castle and Bungay Castle were built and improved by successive generations.

In 1069 he, along with Robert Malet and Ralph de Gael (the then Earl of Norfolk), defeated Sweyn I of Denmark near Ipswich. After Ralph de Gael's fall in 1074, Roger was appointed Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and acquired many of the dispossessed earl's estates. For this reason he is sometimes counted as Earl of Norfolk, but he probably was never actually created earl. He acquired further estates through his influence in local law courts.

In the Rebellion of 1088 he joined other Anglo-Norman barons against William II, who, it was hoped, was to be deposed in favour of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy. He seems to have lost his lands after the rebellion had failed, but got them back again.

In 1101 there was another attempt to bring in Robert of Normandy by unseating Henry I, but this time Roger Bigod stayed loyal to Henry.

He died on September 9, 1107 and is buried in Norwich. Upon his death there was a dispute between the Bishop of Norwich, Herbet Losinga and the monks at Thetford, the priory founded by Bigod. The monks claimed that Roger's body, along with those of his family and successors, was due to them as part of the foundation charter of the priory (as was common practice at the time). The issue was apparently resolved when the Bishop of Norwich stole the body in the middle of the night and dragged it back to Norwich.

For some time he was thought to have two wives, Adelaide/Adeliza and Alice de Tosny. It is now believed these were the same woman, Adeliza(Alice) de Tosny(Toeni,Toeny). She was the sister and coheiress of William de Tosny, Lord of Belvoir.

The first of this great family that settled in England, in the Conqueror's time, possessed six lordships in Essex and a hundred and seventeen in Suffolk, besides divers manors in Norfolk. Roger Bigod was one of the tight-knit group of second-rank Norman nobles who did well out of the conquest of England. His territorial fortune was based on his service in the royal household, where he was a close adviser and agent for the first three Norman kings, and the propitius circumstances of post-Conquest politics. This Roger, adhering to the party that took up arms against William Rufus in the 1st year of that monarch's reign, fortified the castle at Norwich andwasted the country around. At the accession of Henry I, being a witness of the king's laws and staunch in his interests, he obtained Framlingham in Suffolk as a gift from the crown. We find further of him that he founded in 1103, the abbey of Thetford, in Norfolk, and that he was buried there at his decease in four years after, leaving, by Adelisa his wife, dau. and co-heir of Hugh De Grentesmesnil, high steward of England, a son and heir, William Bigod, steward of the household of King Henry I. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, 1883, p. 53, Bigod, Earls of Norfolk]. Much of his honour in East Anglia was carved out of lands previously belonging to the dispossessed Archbishop Stigand, his brother Aethelmar of Elham, and the disgraced Earl Ralph of Norfolk and Suffolk. Apart from a flirtation with the cause of Robert Curthose in 1088, he remained conspicuously loyal to Rufus and Henry I, for whom he continued to act as steward and to witness charters. The adherence of such men was vital to the Norman kings. Through them central business could be conducted and localities controlled. Small wonder they were well rewarded. Roger established a dynasty which dominated East Anglia from the 1140s, as earls of Norfolk, until 1306. Roger's by name and the subsequent family name was derived from a word (bigot) meaning double-headed instrument such as a pickaxe: a tribute, perhaps to Roger's effectiveness as a royal servant; certainly an apt image of one who worked hard both for his masters and for himself. [Who's Who in Early Medieval England, Christopher Tyerman, Shepheard-Walwyn, Ltd., London,1996]

 1066 - 1136 Adelisa (Alice) De Toeni 70 70 For some time he was thought to have two wives, Adelaide/Adeliza and Alice de Tosny. It is now believed these were the same woman, Adeliza(Alice) de Tosny(Toeni,Toeny). She was the sister and coheiress of William de Tosny, Lord of Belvoir. 1036 Robert De Stafford (De Toeni) Governor of Stafford Castle. Held 131 manors in Warwichshire and Lincolnshire. In his older age he became a monk at Eversham. Castellan of Stafford Castle and a Norman Magnate of some signifcance. He held as a under tenant of Roger de Montgomery. 1035 - 1118 Adelisa De Savona 83 83 0980 - 1038 Roger “The Spaniard” De Toeni 58 58 Standard Bearer {gonfaloniere) of Normandy.  Killed with 2 sons in battle with Roger de Beaumont. Godeheut Borrell 1034 - 1071 Robert Bigod 37 37 1035 Daughter of St. Sauveur 0996 Nigel (Niel) de St. Sauveur Viscount of St. Sanveur Vicomte de Contentin. The annals of the House of Arundel, however, contain an earlier notice of the family, and it was to this that Lord Arundel directed the writer's attention. The head of the family of Albini, Niel or Nigel, Vicomte of St. Sanveur, with Hamon aux Dents, his brother, was the leader of the conspiracy to drive the Bastard of Robert II. from the throne of Normandy, and to place upon it its legitimate heir, Guy, Duke of Burgundy. That conspiracy culminated disastrously for the conspirators at the famous battle of Val de Dunes, which was fought about 1047, and Niel de St. Sauveur fled into exile, whilst Hamon aux Dents was taken prisoner. Niel was himself the head of a younger branch of the ducal family of Normandy, and closely allied to the neighbouring House of Brittany, and in Brittany some of his family, and probably he himself, for a time found shelter, whilst others settled in England, and possibly there obtained their appellation of Albini. 1015 - 1079 Manfredo Margrave de Savona 64 64 ~1194 - 1269 John Le Strange 75 75 ~1210 - 1294 Lucy de Tregoz 84 84 ~1168 - ~1237 John Le Strange 69 69 ~1172 Amice ? ~1142 - ~1178 John Le Strange 36 36 ~1146 Hawise ? ~1096 - 1158 Roald Le Strange 62 62 ~1100 Maud de Hunstanton 1376 - 1405 James Butler 3° Earl of Ormonde 29 29 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1391-3, purchased Kilkenny Castle 1391 from Sir Hugh le Despenser.

 D. >1396 Anne Welles Countess of Ormonde 1334 - 1361 John de Welles 4th Lord Welles 27 27 D. 1388 Maud de Ros <1306 - 1342 William de Ros 2nd Lord Ros of Helmsley 36 36 William de Ros, 2nd Lord Ros of Helmsley gained the title of 2nd Lord Ros of Helmsley. ~1306 Margery de Badlesmere ~1275 - 1322 Bartholomew de Badlesmere 1st Lord Badlesmere 47 47 In 1294 he was excused from the war in Gascony.  He fought in the Scottish Wars from 1303 to 1304.  He held the office of Governor of Bristol Castle in 1307.  In 1309 he had a grant of the Castle and Manor of Chilham, Kent.  He was created 1st Lord Badlesmere [England by writ] on 26 October 1309.  He obtained a grant of the Castle of Leeds, Kent.  He held the office of Steward of the King's Household.  He held the office of Governor of Skipton Castle, and of all the castles in Yorkshire and Westmorland in 1314/15.  He joined the Earl of Lancaster's rebellion.  He lived in Badlesmere, Kent, England.  He lived in Chilham Castle, Kent, England.  He fought in the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16 March 1322, where the rebellion was defeated.  In Stow Park he was captured, tried and attainted.  He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography ~1287 - 1333 Lady Margaret de Clare 46 46 She married, secondly, Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord Badlesmere, son of Guncelin de Badlesmere and Joan FitzBernard, before 30 June 1308.

From before 1303, her married name became de Umfreville. From before 30 June 1308, her married name became de Badlesmere.  As a result of her marriage, Margaret de Clare was styled as Lady Badlesmere on 26 October 1309. In 1321 she refused the Queen admission to the Royal Castle of Leeds, leading to the siege and capture of the Castle.  Between 11 November 1321 and 3 November 1322 in Tower of London, The City, London, England, she was imprisoned. ~1245 - 1287 Sir Thomas de Clare Lord of Thomond 42 42 He gained the title of Lord of Thomond, in Connaught.  He held the office of Governor of Colchester Castle in 1266.  He held the office of Governor of the City of london in 1273. ~1249 - ~1300 Juliana FitzMaurice 51 51 1244 - 1301 Guncelin de Badlesmere 57 57 He held the office of Justice of Chester. D. 1310 Joan FitzBernard ~1255 - 1316 William de Ros 1st Lord Ros of Helmsley 61 61 He was created 1st Lord Ros of Helmsley on 24 June 1295. ~1266 - <1316 Maud de Vaux 50 50 Of Freiston, Lincolnshire, and Walton, Norfolk, England. ~1228 - 1287 John de Vaux 59 59 ~1240 Sibyl de Longchamps ~1226 - 1285 Sir Robert de Ros Lord of Helmsley 59 59 ~1230 - 1301 Isabel d'Aubigny 71 71 Her great-grandfather was Sir William d'Aubigny, Lord of Belvoir (husband of Cecily Bigod, daughter of Roger Bigod and Adelize/Alice de Toeni). <1337 - 1382 James Butler 2nd Earl of Ormonde 45 45 He also went by the nick-name of 'The Noble Earl' on account of being the great-grandson of King Edward I. He gained the title of 2nd Earl of Ormonde.  "le Botillier" Elizabeth Anne Darcy Some corrections and additions to the Complete Peerage: Volume 10:
Volume 10, page 121 (as modified by volume 14):
He [James (le Botiller), Earl of Ormond (d. 1382)] m. Elizabeth, da. of his guardian, Sir John DARCY [LORD DARCY], of Knaith, presumably by his 2nd wife, Joan, widow of Thomas FitzJohn (FITZGERALD), EARL OF KILDARE, and 4th da. of Richard (DE BURGH), EARL OF ULSTER [I.].

The identity of Elizabeth's mother is confirmed by the statement that her grandson, James Butler, earl of Ormond (d. 1452), and his wife Elizabeth FitzGerald were related on the side of their fathers in the 3rd degree of kindred [Douglas Richardson, June 2002, citIng Calendar of Papal Letters, vol. 8, pp. 442, 443]. It seems that the only possibly route for this relationship is through a common descent from Joan de Burgh, who was ancestress of the FitzGeralds through her previous marriage mentioned above. ~1305 Sir John Darcy Lord Justice of Ireland Sir John Darcy was called Sir John DAREY, Kt. by Burkes Peerage and Baronetage.

 ~1300 - 1359 Lady Joan de Burgh 59 59 Widow of Thomas FitzJohn (FITZGERALD), EARL OF KILDARE, and 4th dau. of Richard (DE BURGH), EARL OF ULSTER.

She is confirmed as Elizabeth's mother by the statement that her grandson, James Butler, earl of Ormond (d. 1452), and his wife Elizabeth FitzGerald were related on the side of their fathers in the 3rd degree of kindred [Douglas Richardson, June 2002, citIng Calendar of Papal Letters, vol. 8, pp. 442, 443]. It seems that the only possibly route for this relationship is through a common descent from Joan de Burgh, who was ancestress of the FitzGeralds through her previous marriage. ~1305 - 1337 James Butler 1st Earl of Ormonde 32 32 Son of Sir Edmond Butler and Lady Joan FitzGerald.  He gained the title of 1st Earl of Ormonde on 2 November 1328. 1304 - 1363 Eleanor de Bohun 59 59 Dau. of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Lady Elizabeth Plantagenet.

She married, firstly, James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormonde, son of Sir Edmond Butler and Lady Joan FitzGerald, in 1327. She married, secondly, Sir Thomas de Dagworth, Lord Dagworth in 1343.

Her grandfather was Edward I "Longshanks", King of England. ~1276 - 1321 Humphrey de Bohun 4th Earl of Hereford 45 45 1282 - 1316 Lady Elizabeth Plantagenet 33 33 1239 - 1307 Edward I “Longshanks” King of England 68 68 He was the son of Henry III, King of England and Eleanor of Provence.  He married, firstly, Eleanor de Castilla, Comtesse de Ponthieu, daughter of Fernando III, Rey de Castilla y León and Jeanne d'Aumale, Comtesse de Ponthieu, on 18 October 1254 in Abbey of Las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile, Spain.  He married, secondly, Marguerite de France, daughter of Philippe III, Roi de France and Marie de Brabant, on 10 September 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England.

He gained the title of Duke of Gascony in 1254.  He was created 1st Earl of Chester [England] on 14 February 1253/54.  He fought in the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, where he was taken priosner by the rebellious barons.  On 24 December 1264 he was forced the deliver the Earldom of Chester into the hands of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, but received it back on 4 August 1265 on the death of Simon.  He succeeded to the title of King Edward I of England on 20 November 1272.  He was crowned King of England on 19 August 1274 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, and styled 'Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae et Dux Aquitaniae.'

He towered over his contemporaries - he was the then rare height of six feet two inches. He was on a Crusade at the time of his accession and returned to England in 1274. Reigning for 35 years he was a strong and wise King. He married Eleanor of Castille and, after her death Margaret, daughter of Phillip III of France. Edward had 16 children by Eleanor and three by Margaret, the most of any Monarch. He carried out much needed reform and clarification of the law. Starting in 1277 he set out to resolve the Welsh problem which had proved so troublesome in Henry III's reign. The area around Snowdon and Anglesy harboured Llewelyn and other warlike princes. Llewelyn was killed in battle and the Welsh resistance collapsed. The Statute of Wales in 1284 arranged for administration under a mixed English and Welsh law. Castles were built to secure the Principality, including Caernarvon where Edward's son (Edward) was born and who was created Prince of Wales in 1301. During his campaign in Wales, it was found that the long bow used by the Southern Welsh, was an amazingly effective weapon which would revolutionise forthcoming conflicts. Edward next marched on Scotland and won a crushing victory at Falkirk but Robert Bruce arose and made himself King of Scotland. Although known as The Hammer of the Scots, Edward had not succeeded in subjugating that noble land. Edward may be best remembered by the Model Parliament called in 1295. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography. ~1244 - 1290 Eleanor de Castilla Comtesse de Ponthieu 46 46 She was the daughter of Fernando III, Rey de Castilla y León and Jeanne d'Aumale, Comtesse de Ponthieu.  She married Edward I 'Longshanks', King of England, son of Henry III, King of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 18 October 1254 in Abbey of Las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile, Spain.

Eleanor de Castilla, Comtesse de Ponthieu was also known as Eleanor of Castile.  She gained the title of Queen Consort Eleanor of England on 19 August 1274.  She gained the title of Comtesse de Montreuil in March 1279. She gained the title of Comtesse de Ponthieu in March 1279. ~1249 - 1298 Humphrey de Bohun 3rd Earl of Hereford 49 49 He was the son of Sir Humphrey de Bohun and Eleanor de Briouze.  He married Maud de Fiennes, daughter of Ingelram de Fiennes, Lord of Wendover, circa 1275.

He gained the title of 3rd Earl of Hereford and the title of Earl of Essex. Maud de Fiennes D. 1321 Sir Edmond Butler He married Lady Joan FitzGerald, daughter of John FitzThomas FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare and Blanche Roche, in 1302.

He was invested as a Knight in 1309 in London by King Edward II.  He held the office of Chief Governor of Ireland from 1312 to 1313.  He held the office of Chief Governor of Ireland from 4 January 1314/15 to 1317, and was active in suppressing a rebellion.  On 1 September 1315 he received the feodum of "the Castle and manors of Karryk Macgriffyn and Roscrea", for his services against Edward Bruce and against the rebel Irish.  However this creation is held not to have created the title of Earl of Carrick. <1292 Lady Joan FitzGerald She was the daughter of John FitzThomas FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare and Blanche Roche ~1380 - <1437 John Tyrrell 57 57 ~1382 - 1422 Alice Coggeshall 40 40 ~1359 Sir William Coggeshall ~1351 Antiocha Hawkwood Dau. of John HAWKWOOD (1325-1394)
 ~1325 - 1394 John Hawkwood 69 69 ~1295 - 1340 Gilbert Hawkwood 45 45 r. Hedingham Sible, England.
 ~1333 Richard de Coggeshall ~1335 ? Watteville Dau. John Watteville (~1305-) ~1307 Thomas William Coggeshall ~1281 William Henry Coggeshall ~1285 Joan de Welles aka Joan Wells D. 1311 Adam de Welle D. 1315 Joan d' Engayne Sir John Coggeshall Sarah LeBrun D. 1296 John de Coggeshall <1226 - 1305 Sir Ralph de Coggeshall 79 79 Ralph de Coggeshall  (Knight) An Account of the Discovery of King Arthur'sGrave from the English Chronicle, c.1220

In "Chronicon Anglicanum," a history of England covering the years 1187 to 1224, Ralph of Coggeshall gives us a terse description of an event that took place at Glastonbury Abbey in 1191 (or 1190 depending on which account you read). Ralph's version is much less detailed than Gerald of Wales', but contains a few new details. For example, Gerald tells us that the digging effort was instigated by Henry II who had it from a Welsh bard that Arthur's body was buried between two pyramids, there. Ralph avers that the monks were digging because of the desire of another monk to be buried in that particular spot in the cemetary.

Another variance with Gerald's account is in the Latin form of the name, Arthur, purportedly carved into the burial cross found in the vicinity of the coffin; Ralph calls him Arturius, Gerald names him Arthurus.

The location of the cross, itself, is also a matter of some difficulty. Ralph tells us that the cross was "placed" on the coffin; Gerald, in "Liber de Principis instructione," c.1193, says that the cross was attached to a slab found underneath the coffin, and in "Speculum Ecclesiae," c.1216, he tells us that it was attached to the slab, but that the slab was found at the seven foot level and the coffin at the sixteen foot level.

1191: This year were found at Glastonbury the bones of the most renowned Arthur, formerly King of Britain, buried in a very ancient coffin, about which two ancient pyramids had been built: on the sides of these was in inscription, illegible on account of the rudeness of the script and its worn condition. The bones were discovered as follows: as they were digging up this ground to bury monk who had urgently desired in his lifetime to be interred there, they discovered a certain coffin, on which a leaden cross had been placed, bearing the inscription, " Here lies the famous King Arturius, buried in the Isle of Avalon." For this place, which is surrounded by marshes, was formerly called the Isle of Avalon, that is, the isle of apples. Elizabeth de Codham ~1448 Thomas Weston Joan ? ~1408 John Weston 1504 - 1578 James Kendall 74 74 ~1508 Elizabeth Miles 1480 - 1561 Francis Kendall 81 81 1482 Mary ? 1441 - 1520 Henry Kendall 79 79 1455 Elizabeth ? 1421 - 1501 John Kendall 80 80 1421 Margaret ? ~1502 John Brayne 1485 Sir Henry Eyton 1492 Jane Cressett Louis de Eyton, Esq. Anna Savage Thomas Cressett Elizabeth Cornwall 1516 Thomas Hussey 1522 Bridget Bowes Giles Hussey Jane Pigot 1655 Thomas Baxter 1659 Isabella Benson 1615 - 1691 Richard Baxter 76 76 He was an English Puritan church leader, theologian and controversialist, called by Dean Stanley "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". ~1580 Richard Baxter He married Mary Hunks in 1635. He lived in Eaton-Constantine, Shropshire, near Shrewsbury. He was addicted to gambling but later got religion. Richard was described as a mean freeholder, called a gentleman for his ancestors’ sake. D. 1634 Beatrice Aldeney daughter of Richard Aldeney 1590 - 1643 Thomas Aborn 53 53 D. 1663 Mary Smith ~1576 - 1634 Sir Raleigh Gilbert 58 58 Humphrey Gilbert's son Raleigh Gilbert followed his father into the plantation business when in 1606 he was one of several aristocrats who secured a new "Letters Patent" from King James I. This grant anticipated two colonial enterprises – the London Colony and the Plymouth Colony.

Having reconnoitred the coast at a safe distance from the Spanish fortress at San Agustin, the London Colony's three vessels entered Chesapeake Bay in May, 1607. The one hundred or so adventurers honoured the king by naming their settlement Jamestown.

In August of the same year a ship of Raleigh Gilbert's Plymouth or Popham colony arrived in what is now the state of Maine. Here the would-be settlers built a fort named for St George on a wooded peninsula by the Kennebec River. But unprepared as they were for the harsh winter and with Gilbert himself abandoning the adventure to claim his inheritance in England the disillusioned survivors returned home with him. 1590 - 1658 Elizabeth Kelly 68 68 1545 - 1605 John Kelley 60 60 1539 - 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 44 44 He was an English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament, and soldier from Devon, who served the crown during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England.[1] One of the pioneers of English colonization, he claimed what is thought to be the first English property in North America. He was a half-brother (through his mother) of Sir Walter Raleigh.

Gilbert was the second son of Otho and Katherine Champernowne Gilbert of Compton and Greenway Estate, Devonshire.[1] His brothers Sir John Gilbert and Adrian Gilbert, and half brothers Carew Raleigh and Sir Walter Raleigh were also prominent during the reigns of Elizabeth I or James I. Katherine was a niece of Kat Ashley, Elizabeth's governess, who introduced the young men at court. His uncle, Sir Arthur Champernowne, involved Gilbert in efforts to establish Irish plantations between 1566-1572. (Ronald, p. 248-249)

Sir Henry Sidney became his mentor, and he was educated at Eton and Oxford University, where he learned to speak French and Spanish and studied the arts of war and navigation. He went on to reside at the Inns of Chancery in London c.1560-1561.

Quid non? ("Why not?") and Mutare vel timere sperno ("I scorn to change or to fear"), indicates how he chose to live his life. He was present at the siege of Newhaven in Havre-de-grâce (le Havre), Normandy, where he was wounded in June of 1563. By July of 1566 he was serving in Ireland under the command of Sidney (then Lord Deputy) against Shane O'Neill, but was sent to England later in the year with dispatches for the Queen. (See Plantations of Ireland and Tudor conquest of Ireland). At that point he took the opportunity of presenting the Queen with his A discourse of a discoverie for a new Passage to Cataia (published in revised form in 1576), treating of the exploration of a Northwest Passage by America to Asia. Within the year he had set down an account of his strange and turbulent visions, in which he received the homage of Solomon and Job, with their promise to grant him access to secret mystical knowledge.

 1547 - 1631 Anne Ager 84 84 1871 John Ager Anne Calloway Anthony Ager Emma Ireland 1513 - 1547 Otho Gilbert 33 33 1519 - 1538 Katherine Champernon 19 19 1495 - 1545 Philip Champernon 50 50 1500 - 1524 Catherine Carew 24 24 1466 - 1513 Edmund Carew 47 47 1481 - 1499 Catherine Huddesfield 18 18 1436 - 1499 William Huddesfield 63 63 1438 - 1515 Catherine Courtenay 77 77 1400 - 1463 Philip Courtenay 63 63 1400 - 1476 Elizabeth Hungerford 76 76 1378 - 1449 Walter Hungerford 71 71 1380 - 1426 Katherine Peverell 46 46 1384 - 1406 John Courtenay 22 22 1382 - 1419 Joan Champernon 37 37 1410 - 1499 William Huddesfield 89 89 1408 - 1434 Alice Gold 26 26 1373 - 1426 John Gold 53 53 1384 - 1410 William Huddesfield 26 26 1445 - 1470 Nicholas Carew 25 25 1441 - 1470 Margaret Dinham 29 29 1406 - 1457 John Dinham 51 51  
1410 - 1497 Joan Arches 87 87 1384 - 1417 Richard Arches 33 33 1388 - 1451 Lucy Adderbury 63 63 1359 - 1428 John Dinham 69 69 1381 - 1465 Philippa Lovel 84 84 1425 - 1461 Thomas Carew 36 36  
 1427 - 1502 Joane Carminow 75 75 1396 - 1443 Thomas Carminow 47 47 1400 - 1426 Jane Hill 26 26 1390 - 1446 Nicholas Carew 56 56 1411 - 1465 Joan Courtenay 54 54 1458 - 1503 John Champernon 45 45 1459 - 1495 Margaret Courtenay 36 36 1432 - 1489 Philip Courtenay 57 57 1434 - 1483 Elizabeth Hingeston 49 49 1408 - 1434 Robert Hingeston 26 26 1450 - 1529 Thomas Gilbert 79 79 1500 - 1562 Isabell Raynward 62 62 1470 John Raynward 1480 Isabel Stradling 1437 - 1460 Edmund Stradling 23 23 1458 - 1483 Catherine Trenowith 25 25 1426 - 1496 John Trenouth 69 69 1432 - 1465 Honor Tregarthin 33 33 1417 - 1445 William Tregarthen 28 28 1400 ? De Hendower 1403 - 1444 John Trenouth 41 41 1407 - 1426 Jane Nanfan 19 19 John Raynward William Raynward 1419 - 1493 Otho Gilbert 74 74 1434 - 1456 Elizabeth Hill 22 22 1392 - 1444 Robert Hill 52 52 1396 - 1434 Margaret Champernon 38 38 dau. of Richard Champernowne III by  his 2nd wife, Katherine Daubeney. 1356 - 1441 Richard Champernon 85 85 1365 - 1418 Katherine Daubeney 53 53 1337 - 1386 Giles Daubeney 49 49 1337 - 1400 Eleonor Willington 63 63 1305 - 1378 Ralph Daubeney 73 73 1311 - 1337 Alice Montacute 26 26 1275 - 1320 William De Montagu 45 45 1275 - 1345 Elizabeth De Montfort 70 70 1262 - <1305 Sir Elias D'Aubeney 43 43 The authoritative Complete Peerage, 4 (1916): 93-96 (sub Daubeney) has a good account of the life and ancestry of Sir Ellis (or Elias) d'Aubeney, Lord Daubeney (died 1305), of South Ingleby, Lincolnshire, South Petherton, Somerset, etc., seigneur of Landal in Brittany.

Complete Peerage identifies Lord Daubeney's parents as Sir Ralph d'Aubeney (died 1292), of South Ingleby, Lincolnshire, South Petherton, Barrington, and Chillington, Somerset, etc., seigneur of Landal in Brittany, and his wife, Isabel (living 1294), which Isabel is of unknown parentage.

Recently I  (Douglas Richardson, Salt Lake City, Utah) came across an abstract of a lawsuit dated Easter term 1295, between Sir Elias d'Aubeney and John de Wilington, regarding various lands in Lantegulos, Ussa et Fawinton', Cornwall, formerly held by Andrew de Sulney, late kinsman [consanguineus] of Sir Elias d'Aubeney.  Sir Elias's exact kinship to Andrew de Sulney is set forth in the lawsuit.  Elias' mother, Iseult (or Isolde), is stated to be the
daughter and heiress of Joldewyn [de Sulney], which Joldeyn was the son and heir of John [de Sulney], brother of Ralph [de Sulney], father of Andrew de Sulney.

Thus it would appear that Sir Elias d'Aubeney's mother was Iseult (or Isolde) de Sulney, daughter and heiress of Joldewyn de Sulney.  Iseult (or Isolde) de Sulney was evidently the first wife of Sir Ralph d'Aubeney, as Sir Ralph is known to have been survived at his death by a [2nd] wife, Isabel, as stated by Complete Peerage.
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He did homage and had livery of his brother's lands, 26 August 1294. He was in the Army of Wales, in the retinue of William de Valence in 1294,(g) and was sent to Scotland on special affairs by the Earl of Surrey in June 1297. Having been born beyond seas he was naturalized in 1295. He was summoned for Military Service from 16 December 1295 to 7 November 1302, to attend the King at Salisbury, 26 Jan. 1296/7 and to Parliament from 24 June 1295 to 22 January 1304/5, by writs directed Elye de Alblniaco or Daubeny, whereby he is held to have become Lord D'Aubeney.
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ABSTRACT OF LAWSUIT DATED EASTER 1295
Source:
http://www.sd-editions.com/AnaServer?PROMEeg+52760+textframe.anv

Cornub'. Elyas de Albiniaco per attornatum suum petit versus Johannem de Wyllynton' duo mesuagia, centum quaterviginti et quinque acras terre, quaterviginti et duas acras bosci, centum acras more, decem libratas, undecim solidatas et septem denariatas redditus et redditum unius ovis matricis, unius agni, unius hoggastry, unius libre cumini,
unius paris calcarium deauratorum, duorum parium cirotecarum, percussionis ferramenti unius caruce et medietatem unius acre prati cum pertinenciis in Lantegulos, Ussa et Fawinton' de quibus Andreas de Sulny, consangineus predicti Elie, cujus heres ipse est, fuit seisitus
in dominico suo ut de feodo die quo obiit etc. Et unde dicit quod predictus Andreas, consanguineus etc., fuit seisitus de predictis tenementis cum pertinenciis in dominico suo ut de feodo tempore pacis tempore domini \Henrici regis, patris domini/ regis nunc, capiendo inde explecia ad valenciam etc. et inde obiit seisitus etc. Et de ipso Andrea, quia obiit sine herede de se, resorciebatur feodum etc. cuidam Johanni ut avunculo et heredi, fratri cujusdam Radulphi, patris ipsius
Andree; et de ipso Johanne descendit feodum etc. cuidam Joldewyno ut filio et heredi etc.; et de ipso Joldewyno cuidam Isolde ut filie et heredi; et de ipsa Isolda cuidam Philippo ut filio et heredi; et de ipso Philippo, quia obiit sine herede de se, descendit feodum etc. isti Elye qui nunc petit ut fratri et heredi. Et inde producit sectam etc.

Et Johannes per attornatum suum venit. Et dicit quod non debet ei inde respondere quia dicit quod, cum predictus Elyas asserit feodum etc. predictorum tenementorum resortiri de predicto Andrea, de cujus seisina etc., predicto Johanni ut avunculo et heredi, fratri predicti Radulphi
patris etc., idem Radulphus nuncquam aliquem fratrem habuit, Johannem nomine, heredem ipsius Andree, natum sive nutritum, visum aut cognitum infra quatuor maria Anglie. Et de hoc ponit se super patriam; unde petit judicium etc.

Et Elyas dicit quod ipse clamat predicta tenementa ut illa de quibus predictus Andreas, consanguineus etc., obiit seisitus in dominico suo ut de feodo et que predictus Johannes modo tenet, narrando quod de ipso Andrea resorciebatur feodum etc. predicto Johanni ut avunculo et heredi etc. simpliciter absque aliqua adjeccione, quem quidem resortum paratus est verificare sicut curia consideraverit; unde cum de responsione per predictum Johannem facta diversi possunt elici intellectus et sic excepcio sua videtur ambigua, duplex et incerta, petit judicium si excepcio illa in forma qua eam pretendit sit admittenda etc.

Et Johannes, ut prius, dicit quod predictus Radulphus pater etc. nuncquam habuit aliquem fratrem, Johannem nomine, qui visus fuit, natus aut nutritus infra quatuor maria Anglie vel qui heres predicti Andree, de cujus seisina etc., tentus fuit aut cognitus nec eciam predictus Joldewynus, cui predictus Elyas dicit feodum predicti tenementi descendisse ut filio et heredi, visus fuit etc., nutritus aut cognitus.
Et hoc paratus est verificare per patriam; unde, desicut curia ista in hujusmodi casu ulterius non potest nec debet responsionem sive excepcionem aliquam admittere quam illam de qua rei veritas per ipsam curiam poterit inquiri seu cognosci petit judicium etc. Et, si hoc non sufficit, dicet aliud.

Dies datus est eis de audiendo judicio suo hic a die sancti Michaelis in tres septimanas etc." 1270 - 1311 Joan De Guernsey 41 41 ~1305 Henry Willington ~1305 Isabel Whalesboro 1214 - <1292 Sir Ralph De Albini 78 78 ~1230 - >1294 Isolde de Sulney 64 64 She was the daughter and heiress of Joldewyn [de Sulney], which Joldeyn was the son and heir of John [de Sulney], brother of Ralph [de Sulney], father of Andrew de Sulney.

Iseult (or Isolde) de Sulney was evidently the first wife of Sir Ralph d'Aubeney, as Sir Ralph is known to have been survived at his death by a [2nd] wife, Isabel, as stated by Complete Peerage. ~1198 Maud De Montsorel ~1159 - 1212 William De Montsorel 53 53 1173 - >1224 Ralph De Albini 51 51 1134 - 1192 Ralph De Albini 58 58 1138 - 1218 Sibilla De Valognes 80 80 1106 Geoffrey De Valognes 1080 Robert De Valognes 1080 Agnes ? 1033 - 1087 Piers (Peter) De Valognes 54 54 1052 Aubrey de Rye 0985 - 1045 Enguerrand de Ponthieu 60 60 0984 - 1045 Adeline de Jumieges Holland 61 61 0956 - 1000 Hughes de Ponthieu 44 44 0970 Gisele Capet 0939 - 0996 Hugh Capet 57 57 Ruled  between 987 and 996 . 0952 - 1006 Adelaide de Poitou 54 54 0900 - 0956 Hugh Magnus “The Great” Capet 56 56 0910 - 0965 Hedwige of Saxony Princess of Germany 55 55 0800 Eystein Ivarssaon (of More/Upplands) Earl of More "Glumra (The Noisy)"  0804 Ascrida (Aseda) Rognvaldsdatter Countess of Oppland 0770 Ivar Halfdansson of the Upplands 0785 Thyra Eysteinsdoittir
0745 - 0800 Knight Halfdan Eysteinsson The Meek 55 55 Halfdan the Mild (Old Norse: Hálfdan hinn mildi) was the son of king Eystein Halfdansson, of the House of Yngling and he succeeded his father as king, according to Heimskringla. He was king of Romerike and Vestfold.

He was said to be generous in gold but to starve his men with food. He was a great warrior who often pillaged and gathered great booty.

His wife was Liv, the daughter of king Dag of Vestmar. Halfdan the Mild died of illness in his bed.

He was succeeded by his son, Gudrød the Hunter.
 0772 Hlif Eysteinsdoittir His wife was Liv, the daughter of king Dag of Vestmar.
 0860 - 0932 Count Rollo “The Dane” Rognvaldsson 72 72 0872 - 0931 Poppa de Normandie Duchess of Norway (de Valois) 59 59
0830 - 0890 Earl Rognvald “The Wise” Eysteinsson 60 60 AKA Earl of More and Romsdal. 0848 Ragnhild Hrolfsson Countess of More 0847 - 0893 Pepin III de Senlis Count of Valois 46 46 vers 847 - entre 08 janvier 893 et 931)
 0852 ? de Rennes 0840 - 0877 Gurvand Count of Rennes 37 37 Married ? de Vannes (b. ca. 845). 0818 - 0878 Pepin de Vermandois Count of Peronne 60 60 0812 - 0858 Rothaïde de Bobbio 46 46 0797 - 0818 Bernard King of Italy 21 21 He was the King of Italy (810 - 818). He was the illegitimate son of King Pepin, the third son of the Emperor Charlemagne.  In 817, he rebelled against his uncle, the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious, but was defeated the following year.  Louis crowned his eldest son, Lothar (later Holy Roman Emperor) as King of Italy, and had Bernard blinded and imprisoned. His death in 818 grieved Louis, and his display of penance to the court in 822 reduced his prestige and respect amongst the Frankish nobility. 0795 - 0835 Cunégonde de Gellone 40 40 0770 - 0835 Cunégonde of Austrasia 65 65 0790 - 0850 Rognvald Olafsson Prince of Norway 60 60

0770 - 0840 Olaf Gudrodsson King of Norway 70 70 Ruled 810-840. 0736 - 0780 King Eysteinn Halfdansson of Vestfold 44 44 Eystein Halfdansson (Old Norse: Eysteinn Hálfdansson) was the son of Halfdan Hvitbeinn of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. He lived around 730, and inherited the throne of Romerike and Vestfold.

His wife was Hild, the daughter of the king of Vestfold, Erik Agnarsson. Erik had no son so Eystein inherited Vestfold.

Eystein went to Varna with some ships to pillage and carried away all livestock and other valuables. However, the king of Varna was king Skjöld who was a great warlock. Skjöld arrived at the beach and saw the sails of Eystein's ships. He waved his cloak and blew into it which caused a boom of one ship to swing and hit Eystein so that he fell overboard and drowned. His body was salvaged and buried in a mound.

Eystein was inherited by his son Halfdan the Mild. 0740 Hildi Ericsdoittir 0704 - 0750 King Halfdan Olafsson of the Upplands 46 46 Halfdan Hvitbeinn (Old Norse: Hálfdan hvítbeinn) was the son of Olof Trätälja of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. He lived around A.D. 710.

His father was sacrificed to Odin by the Swedish settlers in Värmland because of a famine. Some Swedes, however, realised that the famine was brought by overpopulation and not by the fact that the king had been neglecting his religious duties.

Consequently, they resolved to cross the Ed Forest and settle in Norway and happened to end up in Soleyar where they killed king Sölve and took Halfdan prisoner. The Swedish expatriates elected Halfdan king as he was the son of their old king, Olof. Halfdan subjugated all of Soleyar and took his army into Romerike and subjugated that province as well.

Halfdan was to become a great king, who married Åsa, the daughter of king Eystein, the ruler of Oppland and Hedmark. They had two sons, Öystein Halfdansson and Gudröd.

Halfdan conquered a large part of Hedemark, Toten, Hadeland and a part of Vestfold. When his brother Ingjald Olofsson died, he inherited Wermelandia. Halfdan died of old age in Toten and was transported to Vestfold where he was buried under a mound. 0708 Asa Eysteinsdoittir 0682 - 0710 King Olaf Ingjaldsson of Vermaland 28 28 Olaf Tree Feller (Old Norse: Ólafr trételgja, Swedish: Olof Trätälja, Norwegian: Olav Tretelgja) was the son of the Swedish king Ingjald Ill-ruler of the House of Yngling according to Heimskringla. His mother was Gauthild, a princess of West Götaland, whose maternal grandfather was Olof the Sharp-sighted, the king of Nerike.

His mother sent him to his foster-father Bove in West Götaland, where he grew up with his foster-brother Saxe who was surnamed Flette.

When Olof heard of his father's death, he assembled the men who were willing to follow him and went to his kinsmen in Nerike, because after his father's atrocities, the Swedes had grown hostile towards the Ynglings.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof and his kin had sought refuge in Nerike, they were were attacked and had to head west through deep and mountainous forests (Kilsbergen) to lake Vänern and the estuary of Klarälven (where Karlstad is presently situated). Here, they settled and cleared land. Soon they had created a whole province called Värmland, where they could make good living.

When the Swedes learnt that Olof was clearing land, they were amused and called him the Tree-feller. Olof married a woman named Solveig who was a daughter of Halfdan Guldtand of Soleyar. Olof and Solveigh had two sons, Ingjald Olofsson and Halfdan Hvitbeinn, who were brought up in Soleyar in the house of his mother's uncle Sölve.

Because of king Ivar Vidfamne and his harsh rule many Swedes emigrated to Värmland, and they became so numerous that the province could not sustain them. The land was afflicted by famine of which the Swedes accused the king. It was an old tradition in Sweden of holding the king responsible for the wealth of the land (see Domalde). The Swedes accused Olof of neglecting his sacrifices to the gods and believed that this was the cause of the famine.

The Swedish settlers thus rebelled against Olof, surrounded his house on the shores of lake Vänern and burnt him inside it. Thus he was sacrificed to Odin, like his ancestor Domalde.

Ynglingatal and Historia Norwegiae
However, Historia Norwegiae says that Olof succeeded his father and ruled as the king of Sweden in peace until his death.

diu et pacifice functus regno plenus dierum obiit in Swethia
The lines of Ynglingatal appear to say that he was was a Swedish prince (svía jöfri), and that he was burnt inside his hall and disappeared from Gamla Uppsala. 0684 Solveig Halfdansdoittir 0660 King Ingald Onundsson The Wicked Ingjaldr inn illráði or Ingjald illråde ("ill-ruler"), ca 640 - ca 650, was a more or less historical Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He was the son of Anund.

Youth
The Heimskringla relates that the viceroy of Fjädrundaland was named Ingvar and he had two sons, Alf and Agnar, who were of the same age as Ingjald. Svipdag the Blind was the viceroy of Tiundaland, the province of Uppsala where the Tings and the Yule (Midwinter) sacrifices were held and (see the Temple at Uppsala).

Ingjald's unmanliness is reportedOne Midwinter, when Ingjald and Alf were six years old, many people had assembled at Uppsala for the sacrifices. Alf and Ingjald played, but Ingjald found that he was the weaker boy and became so angry that he almost started to cry. His foster-brother Gautvid led him to his foster-father Svigdag the Blind and told Svipdag about Ingjald's lack of manliness and strength. Svipdag said that it was a shame and the next day he gave Ingjald a roasted wolf's heart to eat. From that day, Ingjald became a very ferocious person and had a bad disposition.

Anund arranged a marriage for his son Ingjald with Gauthild, the daughter of the Geatish king Algaut, who was the son of Gautrek the Mild and the grand-son of Gaut. Gautrek consented as he believed that Ingjald had inherited his father's disposition. Gauthild's maternal grandfather was Olof the Sharp-sighted, the king of Nerike.

The deceit
Snorri Sturluson relates that when his father Anund had died, Ingjald became the king of Sweden. The kings at Uppsala were the foremost among the kings of the various provinces since Odin ruled the country, and they were the supreme chiefs of the other kingdoms since the death of Agne and Sweden was divided between Erik and Alrik. The descendants of these two kings had spread, cleared land and settled new territories, until there were several petty kings.

In honour of his own ascendance to the throne, Ingjald invited the kings, the jarls and other important men to a grand feast in a newly built hall, just as large and sumptuous as the one in Uppsala. It was called the hall of the seven kings and had seven high seats. Algaut the Geatish king of West Götaland, King Ingvar of Fjädrundaland with his two sons Agnar and Alf, King Sporsnjall of Nerike and King Sigvat of Attundaland came but not King Granmar of Södermanland. The kings filled all seven seats but one. All the prominent people of Sweden had seats, except for Ingjald's own court whom he had sent to his old hall in Uppsala.

According to the custom of the time for those who inherited kings and jarls, Ingjald rested at the footstool until the Bragebeaker was brought in. Then he was supposed to stand up, take the beaker and make solemn vows, after which he would ascend his father's high seat. However, when the beaker was brought in, he took a bull's horn and made the solemn vow that he would enlarge his own kingdom by half towards all the four quarters, towards which he pointed his horn, or die.

When all the prominent guests were drunk, he ordered Svipdag's sons, Gautvid and Hylvid, to arm themselves and their men and to leave the building. Outside, they set fire to the building which burnt down and those who tried to escape were killed.

Thus Ingjald made himself the sole ruler of the domains of the murdered kings.

Wars
Granmar won allies in his son-in-law the sea-king Hjörvard of the Ylfings and his father-in-law Högne the Geatish king of East Götaland. They successfully withstood Ingjald's invasion where Ingjald realised that the men from the provinces he had conquered were not loyal to him. After a long standstill there was peace for as long as the three kings lived. However, one night Ingjald and his men sourrounded a farm where Granmar and Hjörvard were at a feast and burnt the house down. He late disposed of five more kings, and he thus earned the name Illråde (ill-ruler) as he fulfilled his promise.

Snorri Sturluson tells that it was a common saying that Ingjald killed twelve kings by deceiving them that he only wished for peace, and that he thus earned his cognomen Illråde (ill-ruler or ill-adviser).

Downfall
Ingjald and his daughter ÅsaIngjald had two children, a son Olof Trätälja and a daughter Åsa. His daughter had inherited her father's psychopathic disposition. She married king Gudröd of Skåne. Before she murdered her husband she managed to make him kill his own brother Halfdan the Kind, the father of the great Ivar Vidfamne.

In order to avenge his father, Ivar Vidfamne gathered a vast host and departed for Sweden, where he found Ingjald at Ræning, probably Rällinge on the island of Fogdö in Lake Mälaren. When Ingjald and his daughter realized that it was futile to resist, they set the hall on fire and succumbed in the flames.

It is interesting to note that Ynglingatal does not appear to describe Ingjald as an evil king. It calls his life a brave life frœknu fjörvi.

Ingjald has often been seen as the one who unified Sweden. 0664 Gauthild Algautsdoittir 0638 Onund Invarsson King Of Sweden Anund
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Anund's mound, a grave associated with Anund. It is, however, more likely that the name is taken from the runestone, which was raised 400 years after Anund's deathÖnund or Bröt-Anund (trail-blazer Anund or Anund the land-clearer), d. ca 640, was a legendary Swedish king of the House of Yngling.

Anund succeeded his father Ingvar on the Swedish throne, and after his father's wars against Danish vikings and Estonian pirates, peace reigned over Sweden and there were good harvests. Anund was a popular king who became very rich, not only because of the peace and the good harvests but also because he avenged his father in Estonia. That country was ravaged far and wide and in the autumn Anund returned with great riches.

In those days Sweden was dominated by vast and uninhabited forests, so Anund started making roads and clearing land and vast districts were settled by Swedes. Consequently he was named Bröt-Anund. He made a house (Husby) for himself in every district and used to stay as a guest in many homes.

One autumn, King Anund was travelling between his halls (see Husbys) and came to a place called Himinheiðr (sky heath) between two mountains. He was surprised by a landslide which killed him.

We all have heard how Jonkur's sons,
Whom weapons could not touch, with stones
Were stoned to death in open day,
King Onund died in the same way.
Or else perhaps the wood-grown land,
Which long had felt his conquering hand,
Uprose at length in deadly strife,
And pressed out Onund's hated life.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)
The original text of Ynglingatal is hard to interprete, and it only says that Anund died und Himinfjöllum (under the sky mountains) and that stones were implied. According to Historia Norwegiae, he was murded by his brother Sigvard in Himinherthy (which the source says means "the fields of the sky", cœli campus. Such a place name is not known and Birger Nerman suggests that the original place of death was under the sky mountains, i.e. under the clouds (cf. the etymology of cloud). Consequently, he may have been killed outdoors, by his brother and with a stone.

Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar says that Anund was not the son of Ingvar, but the son of his grand-father Östen. It also relates that he had a brother named Olaf who was the king of Fjordane.

All sources say that Anund was the father of the infamous Ingjald ill-ruler.

 0610 Ingvar Eysteinsson King Of Sweden 0590 Eystein Adilsson King Of Sweden Östen or Eystein (d. ca 600) was the son of Adils (Eadgils) and Yrsa of Saxony. He was the father of Ingvar.

Snorri Sturluson relates that Östen ruled Sweden at the time when Hrólf Kraki died in Lejre. It was a troubled time when many seakings ravaged the Swedish shores. One of those kings was named Sölve and he was from Jutland (but according to Historia Norwegiae he was Geatish). At this time Sölve was pillaging in the Baltic Sea and so he arrived in Lofond (probably the island of Lovön or the Lagunda Hundred), where Östen was at a feast. It was night-time and Sölve and his men surrounded the house and set it on fire burning everyone inside to death. Then Sölve arrived at Sigtuna (Old Sigtuna) and ordered the Swedes to accept him as king. The Swedes refused and gathered an army that fought against Sölve and his men, but they lost after eleven days. The Swedes had to accept him as king for a while until they rebelled and killed him.

For a long time none could tell
How Eystein died -- but now I know
That at Lofond the hero fell;
The branch of Odin was laid low,
Was burnt by Solve's Jutland men.
The raging tree-devourer fire
Rushed on the monarch in its ire;
First fell the castle timbers, then
The roof-beams -- Eystein's funeral pyre.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar makes Östen the father of Anund and grand-father of Ingjald and consequently skips Ingvar's generation. It adds a second son to Östen named Olaf, who was the king of Fjordane in Norway.
 0572 Adils Ottarsson King Of Sweden Eadgils was a 6th century king of Sweden who appears in the Old English epic Beowulf.

In the Norse sagas and Gesta Danorum appears a Swedish 6th century king having a closely similar name Adils, or Athisl. This king was also the son of a king named Ohthere and just like in Beowulf, Adils killed a king named Onela (Ali) with foreign assistance (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki).

Adils pursuing Hrolf Kraki on the FýrisvellirContents [showhide] 
1 Name
2 Beowulf
3 In the Hrólf Kraki traditions and Heimskringla
4 Archaeology
5 Gesta Danorum
6 Primary sources
7 Secondary sources

Name
The Norse forms are based an older (Proto-Norse) *Aþagislaz. However, the Anglo-Saxon form is not etymologically identical. The A-S form would have been *Ædgils, but Eadgils (Proto-Norse *Auða-gislaz, Old West Norse Auðgísl, Old East Norse Øðgisl) was the only corresponding name used by the Anglo-Saxons.

Beowulf
According to the oldest source, Beowulf, Eadgils' uncle Onela usurped the Swedish throne. Eadgils rebelled together with his brother Eanmund and fled to the Geats. Then Onela attacked the Geats and the Geatish king Heardred was killed, as was Eanmund by Onela's champion Weohstan. Then Beowulf became king of the Geats and helped Eadgils in defeating Onela, who was killed by Eadgils.

In the Hrólf Kraki traditions and Heimskringla
In the Hrólf Kraki tradition, Adils (Eadgils) captured and married Yrsa (Yrs), the mother of Hrólf Kraki (Hrothulf). Not long after Hrólf became king, Eadgils requested his assistance against his uncle Áli (Onela). Hrólf sent his twelve companions, led by Bödvar Bjarki (who it is often remarked has similarities with Beowulf), Áli was defeated in the Battle on the Ice and Adils gained the kingdom. But when Adils refused to pay Hrólf's men the expected tributes for their help, Hrólf Kraki set off to Gamla Uppsala. As Adils was away, gathering reinforcements, Hrólf's mother and sister Yrsa then gave him a horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring called Sviagris 'Pig of the Swedes'. With the treasure given them by Yrsa, Hrólf and his men try to escape over the Fyrisvellir (Fyris Wolds). When Adils and his men pursued them, Hrólf desperately spilled out the gold to occupy the pursuers with treasure collecting instead. Adils, however, overtook Hrólf who desperately threw away Sviagris. When Adils stooped to pick it up with his spear Hrólf ungloriously cut him in the back screaming that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden, stole the ring once again and fled.

Snorri Sturluson relates that Adils loved good horses and had the best horses in his days (interestingly, the contempary Gothic scholar Jordanes noted that the Swedes were famed for their good horses). One horse was named Slöngve and another one Raven, which he had taken from Áli. From this horse he had bred a horse also named Raven which he sent to king Godgest of Hålogaland, but Godgest could not manage it and fell from it and died, in Omd on the island of Andøya. Adils himself died in a similar way at the Disablót. Adils was riding around the Disa shrine when Raven stumbled and fell, and the king was thrown forward and hit his skull on a stone. He was buried at Uppsala, and was succeeded by Östen.

Witch-demons, I have heard men say,
Have taken Adils' life away.
The son of kings of Frey's great race,
First in the fray, the fight, the chase,
Fell from his steed -- his clotted brains
Lie mixed with mire on Upsal's plains.
Such death (grim Fate has willed it so)
Has struck down Ole's [Onela's] deadly foe. (Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Archaeology
According to Snorri he was buried in one of the royal mounds of Gamla Uppsala, and he is believed to be buried in Adils' Mound (also known as the Western mound or Thor's mound) one of the largest mounds at Uppsala. An excavation in this mound showed that a man was buried there c. 575 on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings. There were luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of ivory. He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a costly buckle. There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket. The finds show the distant contacts of the House of Yngling in the 6th century.

Snorri's account that Adils had the best horses of his days, and Jordanes' account that the Swedes of the 6th century were famed for their horses find support in archaeology. This time was the beginning of the Vendel Age, a time characterised by the appearance of stirrups and a powerful mounted warrior elite in Sweden, which rich graves in for instance Valsgärde and Vendel.

 0565 Yrsa Olafsdoittir 0551 Ottar Egilsson King Of Sweden Ohthere, Ohtere (the name is sometimes mispelt Ohþere), or Ottar Vendelkråka (Vendelcrow) (ca 515 - ca 530) was a king of the Swedish house of Scylfings. Ohthere is considered to be a fairly historical king of Sweden, the memory of whom has been conveyed both by Beowulf, Norse sagas and Swedish tradition (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki). His name has been reconstructed as Proto-Norse *Ohtaharjaz or *Ohtuharjaz [1] (http://www.sofi.se/SOFIU/lup/urnord.pdf). He was the son of Ongenþeow and the brother of Onela. He was the father of Eadgils, and according to Beowulf he also had a son named Eanmund.

Contents [showhide] 
1 Beowulf
2 Scandinavian sources
3 Comments
4 Primary sources
5 Secondary sources

Beowulf
According to the oldest source, Beowulf, he was captured by the Geats together with his mother and his younger brother Onela. They were saved by his father Ongenþeow who killed the Geatish king Hæþcyn and besieged the Geats in a forest named Ravenswood. However, Geatish reinforcements arrived led by the Geatish prince Hygelac whose warrior Eofor slew Ongenþeow.

Ohthere's moundLater Ohthere died and his throne was inherited by his brother Onela. This version fits the Swedish tradition which claims that Ottar resided at the ancient royal estate in Vendel, in Uppland, and that he was buried in Ottarshögen (Ohthere's mound). An archaeological excavation in 1917 supported the tradition dating the finds to the first half of the 6th century. It was a burial befitting a king[2] (http://www.raa.se/sites/ottarsmound.asp).

Scandinavian sources
According to the latest source, Ynglinga saga, Ottar refused to pay tribute to Frodi. Then Frodi sent two men to collect the tribute, but Ottar answered that the Swedes had never paid tribute to the Danes and would not begin with him. Frodi then gathered a vast host and looted in Sweden, but the next summer he pillaged in the east. When Ottar learnt that Frodi was gone, he sailed to Denmark to plunder in return and went into the Limfjord where he pillaged in Vendsyssel. Frodi's jarls Vott and Faste attacked Ottar in the fjord. The battle was even and many men fell, but the Danes were reinforced by the people in the neighbourhood and so the Swedes lost (a version apparently borrowed from the death of Ottar's predecessor Jorund). The Danes put Ottar's dead corpse on a mound to be devoured by wild beasts, and made a wooden crow that they sent to Sweden with the message that the wooden crow was all that Ottar was worth. After this, Ottar was called Vendelcrow.

Ynglingatal only mentions that Ottar was killed by the Danish jarls Vott and Faste in a place named Vendel, whereas Historia Norwegiae only informs that Ottar was killed by the Danish brothers Ottar [sic.] and Faste in a Danish place called Vendel.

Comments
Swedish scholars doubt the Icelandic and Norwegian localisation of Ottar's death to Denmark. According to the classic Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok, vendelcrow was a name given to any resident of the parish and the ancient royal estate of Vendel until the present time. Consequently, Snorri Sturluson's version could be considered to be a later addition explaining a cognomen, the meaning of which he did not know.

Moreover, the Old Norse expression corresponding to putting someone on a mound has two meanings, one of which is putting him on top of the mound, while the other one is to bury someone in a mound. Consequently it is thought that the tradition of Ohthere's burial in Vendel was misinterpreted as his being put on top of a mound in the more well-known Vendsyssel.

 0530 Egil Anunsson King Of Sweden Ongenþeow, Ongentheow, Ongendþeow, Egil, Egill, Eigil, or Angantyr (- ca 515) was the name of one or two semi-legendary Swedish kings of the house of Scylfings, who appear in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian sources.

The names are different and have little etymological connection. Ongenþeow would in Proto-Norse have been *Anganaþewaz, whereas Egil would have been *Agilaz. The reason why they are thought to have been the same is that they have the same position in the line of Swedish kings and are described as the fathers of Ohthere and grand-fathers of Eadgils. As will be shown below, it can be argued that they are based on the same person and the same events, but it should be noted that not every scholar is open to the historicity of the characters in Beowulf and in the Norse sagas.

Contents [showhide] 
1 Scandinavian tradition
2 Anglo-Saxon sources
3 Comments
4 Primary sources
5 Secondary sources

Scandinavian tradition
In Ari Þorgilsson's Íslendingabók and in Historia Norwegiae, he was called Egil Vendelcrow (Vendilcraca/Vendilkráka, a name traditionally given to those living at the royal estate of Vendel in Sweden). Snorri Sturluson, however, gave the name Vendelcrow to Egil's son Ottar (Ohthere). In these sources, Egil was the son of Aun the Old, and like him, not very warlike. After he had made the thrall Tunni (or Tonne) responsible for the treasury, Tunni rebelled against Egil. They fought eight battles after which Egil fled to Denmark, according to the Ynglinga saga (Ynglingatal does not mention where he fled and Historia Norwegiae does not mention any escape at all). Snorri wrote that Fródi, the Danish king, aided Egil in defeating Tunni, and made Egil a tributary to the Danish king.

Egil was killed by a bull during the sacrifices at the Temple at Uppsala.

The fair-haired son of Odin's race,
Who fled before fierce Tunne's face,
Has perished by the demon-beast
Who roams the forests of the East.
The hero's breast met the full brunt
Of the wild bull's shaggy front;
The hero's heart's asunder torn
By the fell Jotun's spear-like horn."(Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Anglo-Saxon sources
According to Beowulf, his wife and two sons Onela (Áli) and Ohthere (Ottar) were captured by the Geatish king Hæþcyn. The old Ongentheow saved them, killed Hæþcyn, and captured the Geats in a forest called Ravenswood.

The Geats were, however, saved by their new king Hygelac. Ongenþeow and his men sought refuge on higher ground in a fortification, but it was overrun by the Geats. Eofor killed the hoary-bearded Ongenþeow during a vicious battle where the old man wounded Eofor's brother Wulf.

Ongenþeow is also mentioned in passing by the earlier poem Widsith as the king of Sweden:

lines 30–33:
Wald Woingum, Wod þyringum, Wald the Woings, Wod the Thuringians,
Sæferð Sycgum, Sweom Ongendþeow, Saeferth the Sycgs, the Swedes by Ongendtheow,
Sceafthere Ymbrum, Sceafa Longbeardum Sceafthere the Ymbers, Sceafa the Lombards,

Comments
The two versions seem contradictory, but it has been shown that the two stories may very well describe the same event (Schück H. 1907, Nerman B. 1925), and that Ynglingatal was probably misinterpreted by Snorri due to a different dialectal meaning of the word farra. In Ynglingatal, it says

en flæming, jötuns eykr
farra trjónu, á Agli rauð

If there is any authenticity behind the traditions, the origin of Ynglingatal was most probably a Swedish poem which has not survived (see also Sundquist 2004). In Old Swedish, farra did not mean "bull" but it meant "boar". Moreover, in Old Norse Trjóna normally meant a pig's snout (modern Scandinavian tryne). Flæmingr meant "sword" (originally a flemish sword imported by Vikings).

Moreover, the sword of the snout can hardly refer to the horns of a bull, but it is more natural to interpret it as the tusks of a boar. In English, the lines can be translated as but the giant beast coloured its tusk red on Egil.

In Anglo-Saxon, the name eofor meant "boar" and consequently Ynglingatal could very well relate of Eofor (the boar) killing Egil with kennings for boars. These kennings, sung originally by Swedes, were later misinterpreted by Norwegians and Icelanders as litteral expressions due to the different dialectal meanings of farra.

Moreover, according to Schück, the name Tunni which has no meaning in Old Norse should in Proto-Norse have been *Tunþa and derived from *Tunþuz. Consequently, it would have been the same word as the Gothic Tunþus which meant "tooth". This would mean that the name of Egil's enemy, actually meant "tooth" and Tunni and the bull/boar would consquently have been the same enemy, i.e. Eofor.

Preceded by: Aun Semi-legendary king of Sweden
Succeeded by: Ohthere

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Beowulf
Widsith
Íslendingabók

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.
Sundquist, O. "Freyr"s offspring. Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society". (2004)  Nordisk familjebok. 0509 King Aun Jorundsson of Uppsala Ane, On, One, Auchun or Aun the Old (Audhun, the same name as the A-S name Edwin) was the son of Jorund and one of the Swedish kings of the House of Yngling, the ancestors of Norway's first king, Harald Fairhair.

Aun was a wise king who sacrificed greatly to the gods, but he was not a warlike king and preferred to live in peace. Consequently, he was attacked by the Danish prince Halfdan (the son of Fródi, the son of Dan the Arrogant, the founder of Denmark). Aun lost the battles and fled to the Geats in Västergötland, where he stayed for 25 years until Halfdan died in his bed in Uppsala and was buried in a mound.

King Aun could return to Uppsala, but he was 60 years old. In order to live longer he sacrificed his own son to Odin who promised him that he could live for another 60 years. However, after 25 years, Aun was attacked by Halfdan's cousin Ale the Strong. Aun lost several battles and had to flee a second time to Västergötland. Ale the Strong ruled in Uppsala for 25 years until he was killed by Starkad the old.

After Ale the Strong's death, Aun could return to Uppsala. Once again, Aun sacrificed a son to Odin, but this time Odin said that he would live as long as he sacrificed a son every ten years and that he had to name one of the Swedish provinces after the number of sons he sacrificed.

When Aun had sacrificed a son for the seventh time, he was so old that he could not walk but had to be carried on a chair. When he had sacrificed a son for the eighth time, he could no longer get out of his bed. When he had sacrificed his ninth son, he was so old that he had to feed by suckling a horn like a little child.

After ten years he wanted to sacrifice his tenth and last son and name the province of Uppsala the ten lands. However, the Swedes refused to allow him this sacrifice and so he died. He was buried in a mound at Uppsala and succeeded by his last son Egil. From that day, dying in bed of old age was called Aun's sickness among the Scandinavians.

In Upsal's town the cruel king
Slaughtered his sons at Odin's shrine --
Slaughtered his sons with cruel knife,
To get from Odin length of life.
He lived until he had to turn
His toothless mouth to the deer's horn;
And he who shed his children's blood
Sucked through the ox's horn his food.
At length fell Death has tracked him down,
Slowly, but sure, in Upsal's town. (Laing's translation [1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0487 King Jorund Yngvasson of Uppsala Jorund or Eorund was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling. He was the son of Yngvi, and he had reclaimed the throne of Sweden for his dynasty from Haki (the brother of Hagbard, the hero of the legend of Hagbard and Signy).

When he was young he used to travel the seas and plunder with his brother Erik, and they were great warriors. One summer they plundered in Denmark where they met another pillager, King Gudlög of Hålogaland (a province in Norway) with whom they fought. They took him prisoner and carried him ashore at Stromones where they hanged him. Gudlaug's surviving companions raised a mound over him there.

Eyvind Skaldaspiller (a Norwegian):

By the fierce East-kings' cruel pride,
Gudlog must on the wild horse ride --
The wildest horse you e'er did see:
'Tis Sigur's steed -- the gallows tree.
At Stromones the tree did grow,
Where Gudlog's corpse waves on the bough.
A high stone stands on Stromo's heath,
To tell the gallant hero's death.[1] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)

This act rendered the Swedish princes, Eric and Jorund, even more famous and they were thought of as even greater men. When they learnt that King Haki no longer had his forces around him, they decided to take care of their enemy. They assembled a large force that was joined by Swedes as they approached. They entered Mälaren (a bay at the time) and steered towards Uppsala. They left their ships at the Fyris Wolds and were met by Haki who had less men. Haki was a brutal fighter and managed to turn the tide of the battle. He slew Erik who held the banner and Jorund retreated with his men. Luckily, Haki had been seriously wounded and died.

Jorund then ruled Sweden at Uppsala, but he usually spent the summers pillaging. One summer, he plundered in Jutland and entered Limfjorden, where he continued the pillaging. They anchored in Oddesund (before a storm in 1825, it was near the innermost part of the fjord and almost 200 km from its mouth) but were discovered by the Norwegian pirate Gylaug of Hålogaland, the son of Gudlaug. Gylaug and his men attacked them and were joined by local forces who wanted revenge. As Jorund was vastly outnumbered (and had to run an almost 200 km long gauntlet to get out of the fjord), he lost the battle, and Gylaug had him hanged.

Jorund has travelled far and wide,
But the same horse he must bestride
On which he made brave Gudlog ride.
He too must for a necklace wear
Hagbert's fell noose in middle air.
The army leader thus must ride
On Horva's horse, at Lymfjord's side.[2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.

 0466 Yngvi Alreksson King Of Sweden Yngvi and Alf were two legendary Swedish kings of the House of Yngling.

Alf and Yngvi slaying each otherContents
1 Ynglingatal
2 Hervarar Saga and the Saga of Orvar-Odd
3 Ari Frodi's Younger Íslendingabók
4 Gesta Danorum
5 Primary sources
6 Secondary sources

Ynglingatal
According to Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga, Yngvi and Alf were the sons of Alrik. Yngvi was an accomplished king: a great warrior who always won his battles, the master of all exercises, generous, happy and sociable. He was both loved and famous.

Alf was unsociable and harsh and stayed at home instead of pillaging in other countries. His mother was Dageid, the daughter of king Dag the Great from whom is descended the Dagling family. Alf was married to Bera who was happy and alert and a very lovable woman.

One day in the autumn, Yngvi returned to Uppsala from a very successful viking expedition which had rendered him famous. He used to spend time at the drinking table until late in the night, like Bera, and they found it pleasant to talk to each other. Alf, however, preferred to go to bed early and he started to tell her to go to bed early as well so that she did not wake him. Then Bera used to answer that Yngvi was much better for a woman than Alf, an answer that was getting on Alf's nerves.

One evening, the jealous Alf entered the hall and saw Yngvi and Bera converse on the high seat. Yngvi had a short sword in his lap and the other guests were too drunk to see that Alf had arrived. From under his cloak Alf drew a sword and pierced Yngvi. Yngvi, mortally wounded, got up, drew his own short sword and slew Alf. They were buried in two mounds on the Fyrisvellir (Fyris Wolds).

Alf was succeeded by his son Hugleik.

Ok varð hinn,
er Alfr of vá
vörðr véstalls,
of veginn liggja,
er dölingr
dreyrgan mæki
öfundgjarn
á Yngva rauð.
Var-a þat bært
at Bera skyldi
valsœfendr
vígs of hvetja,
þá er brœðr tveir
at bönum urðusk,
óþurfendr,
of afbrýði.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  I tell you of a horrid thing,
A deed of dreadful note I sing --
How by false Bera, wicked queen,
The murderous brother-hands were seen
Each raised against a brother's life;
How wretched Alf with bloody knife
Gored Yngve's heart, and Yngve's blade
Alf on the bloody threshold laid.
Can men resist Fate's iron laws?
They slew each other without cause. (Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Hervarar Saga and the Saga of Orvar-Odd.  In the Hervarar saga and the saga of Orvar-Odd, Yngvi was the father of Ingeborg, the princess who was in love with the Swedish hero Hjalmar.

Ari Frodi's Younger Íslendingabók
According to Ari Frodi's line of Swedish kings Yngvi was the son of Agne, and not of Agne's son Alrik.

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Alf (Alverus) was the father of Yngve (Ing) and Ingjald (Ingild). Ingjald, in his turn was the father of Sigurd Ring and the grand-father of Ragnar Lodbrok.

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Hervarar saga
Orvar-Odd's saga
Younger Íslendingabók

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0445 Alrek Agnarsson King Of Sweden Alrik and Erik fightingAlrek and Eirík (Old Norse Alrekr and Eiríkr ) were two legendary kings of Sweden.

Contents
1 In the Ynglinga saga
2 In Gautreks saga and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
3 In Gesta Danorum
4 Commentary
5 Secondary sources

In the Ynglinga saga
According to the Ynglinga saga, Alrek and Eirík were sons and heirs of the previous king Agni by his wife Skjálf. They shared the kingship. They were mighty in both war and sports, but were especially skillful horsmen and vied with one another about their horsemanship and their horses.

One day they rode off from their retinue and did not return. They were found dead with their heads battered but no weapons with them save the bridle bits of their horses. Accordingly it was believed that they had quarreled and come to blows and had slain each other with their bridle bits. They were succeeded by Alrik's sons Yngvi and Alf.

However, in other sources, only Alrek died, and in the piece of Ynglingatal quoted by Snorri Sturluson it is only Alrek who dies explicitly. Erik's death seems to be a misunderstanding on Snorri's part due to an influence from the succeeding kings (see also the other sources below):

Fell Alrekr,
þar er Eiríki
bróður vápn
at bana urðu,
ok hnakkmars
með höfuðfetlum
Dags fríendr
of drepask kváðu;
frá-at maðr áðr
eykja greiði
Freys afspring
í folk hafa.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  Alric fell, by Eric slain,
Eric's life-blood dyed the plain,
Brother fell by brother's hand;
And they tell it in the land,
That they worked the wicked deed
With the sharp bits that guide the steed.
Shall it be said of Frey's brave sons,
The kingly race, the noble ones,
That they have fought in deadly battle
With the head-gear of their cattle? (Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

In Gautreks saga and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
Gautreks saga also makes Alrek and Eirík sons of Agni by Skjálf and co-kings and it was to them that the warrior Starkad fled after his slaying of King Vikar. Starkad served them first as a companions on their viking expeditions and then, after Alrek and Eirík had settled down, went on further Viking expeditions alone.

But King Alrek had a short life, for Eirík struck Alrek dead with a bridle when they were out to train their horses and then ruled as sole ruler over Sweden. This version says that Eirík reigned for a long time as told in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar (Saga of Hrólf son of Gautrek).

This second saga introduces Thornbjörg, the daughter of King Eirík and Queen Ingigerd, who was a skillful shieldmaiden and ruled over part of the kingdom. Thornbjörg even called herself King Thorberg. But eventually she fell in love with Hrólf son of Gautrek and agreed to marry him, at which point she gave up her weapons to her father King Eirík and took up embroidery.

In Gesta Danorum
Saxo Grammaticus in Book 5 of his Gesta Danorum introduces Ericus Desertus, that is Erik the Eloquent, son of a champion named Regnerus (Ragnar), both Norwegians in the service of King Gøtarus (Götar) of Norway, a monarch otherwise unknown. This Erik is likely to be the Eirík the Eloquent or Eiríkr the Wise in Speech mentioned by Snorri Sturluson in the Skáldskaparmál as being of Ylfing lineage. But he otherwise has left no clear record in surviving Norse literature.

Saxo makes up for it by telling at greath length of Erik's amusing deeds. He relates how Erik outwitted all foes with clever tricks and became the councellor of Fródi son of Fridleif, king of Denmark. Erik's expeditions on Fródi's behalf always went well because of Erik's cunning and way with words. Erik finally married Fródi's sister Gunvara and Erik's elder half-brother Rollerus (Roller) was made king of Norway.

Saxo then brings in a king of the Swedes named Alricus (Alrik) who corresponds to Alrek of the Norse tradition. Alrik was at war with Gestiblindus king of the Gautar (Geats) and Gestiblindus now sought Fródi's aid. (In the Norse Hervarar saga Gestumblindi is the name assumed by the disguised Odin and it is possible that this Gestiblindus is also Odin in disguise.)

Erik and Skalk the Scanian pursued the war and slew Alrik's son Gunthiovus (Old Norse Gunnþjófr) leader of the men of Vermland and Solongs. Then occurred a parley and secret interview between Alrik and Erik in which Alrik attempted to win Erik over to his cause. When this failed, Alrik asked that the war be settled by a single combat between himself and Gestiblindus. Erik refused the offer because of Gestiblind's unfitness and advanced years but made a counter-offer to fight such a duel with Alrik himself if Alrik were willing. The fight occurred straightaway. Alrik was slain and Erik seemed to be fatally wounded so that a report actually came to King Fródi that Erik was dead. Indeed Erik was long in recovering. However Fródi was disabused when Erik himself returned announcing that Fródi was now also king of Sweden, Värmland, Helsingland, and Soleyar. Fródi then gave all those lands to Erik to rule directly and also gave Erik the two Laplands, Finland, and Estonia as dependencies paying annual tribute.

Saxo explains that this Erik was the first Swedish king to be called Erik but that after him it became a very common name among the Swedish kings. He also writes that Erik met and helped the champion Arngrim, an account that agrees with Hervarar saga, where Arngrim's sons meet Erik's successor Yngvi (see e.g. Angantyr and Hjalmar).

That the duel occurred at the end of a "secret interview" suggests that Alrik and Erik were alone when they fought just as were their counterparts in the Norse accounts. That Erik was believed to have died suggests knowledge of the Ynglinga saga version in which both fighters met their death. There is no mention of horse bridles. But Erik is not elsewhere a great duelist or champion but instead a trickster who wins through stratagems and deceiving words so that is it likely that Saxo or his source passed over a stratagem in which a horse bridle played a part.

Saxo also mentions Starkad's stay in Sweden in Book 6 in a summary of Starkad's life up to that point in his history. But Saxo does not indicate what king or kings then ruled Sweden, saying only:

... he went into the land of the Swedes, where he lived at leisure for seven years' space with the sons of Frø.

Frø is of course the god Frey, the ancestor of the Swedish dynasty.

At the beginning of Book 6, Saxo notes that Erik died of a disease and was succeeded by his son Haldanus (Halfdan). Halfdan was later slain by rivals for the throne but the warrior Starkad established Halfdans' heir Siward as the new king. Siward's daughter Signe was married to King Harald of Denmark who was co-king his brother Fródi. Later Harald's son Halfdan, now king of Denmark, slew Siward in war. But Siward's grandson Erik, the son of Halfdan's uncle Fródi by Signe, the direct heir to the throne, now rose up against Halfdan. After a long war this second Erik was captured by Haldfan and left in the woods in chains to be devoured by beasts. With him, it seems, the Swedish line of Erik the Eloquent, as set forth by Saxo, came to an end.

Commentary
It is not clear whether or not the accounts in the Gesta Danorum and the accounts in the Ynglinga saga' tales of a Danish king named Halfdan who became king of Sweden are at all related. See Halfdan.

Traditions of twin brothers connected with horses appear are a commonplace in Indo-European cultures as are foundation legends about two twin brothers, one of whom kills the other. It is possible that Alrek and Eirik are reflexes of such traditions.

Saxo's identification of the legendary Eirík the Eloquent with the legendary Swedish king Eirík probably originated as a flourish by a pro-Danish or pro-Norwegian story teller.

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0449 Dagreid Dagsdoittir 0424 Agni Dagsson King Of Sweden Agne or Agni Skjafarbonde was a mythological king of Sweden, of the House of Yngling.

Agne being hanged by his wife SkjalfSnorri Sturluson relates that he was the son of Dag the Wise, and he was mighty and famous. He was also skilled in many ways.

One summer, he went to Finland with his army where he pillaged. The Finns gathered a vast host under a chief named Frosti (the Jotun Frosti who was the father of Snær the Old, and consequently Agne's great-great-great-great-grandfather).

A great battle ensued which Agne won and many Finns were killed together with Frosti. Agne then subdued all of Finland with his army, and captured not only great booty but also Frosti's daughter Skjalf and her kinsman Logi (in the older Ynglingatal only her kinsman, but in Heimskringla he was her brother, which seems to be a mistake by Snorri Sturluson).

Agne returned to Sweden and they arrived at Stocksund (Stockholm) where they put up their tent on the side of the river where it is flat. Agne had a torc which had belonged to Agne's great-great-great-grandfather Visbur (who, interestingly, was the son of Skjalf's niece Drífa). Although, they were related, Agne married Skjalf who became pregnant with two sons, Erik and Alrik.

Skjalf asked Agne to honour her dead father Frosti with a great feast, which he granted. He invited a great many guests, who gladly arrived to the now even more famous Swedish king. They had a drinking competition in which Agne became very drunk. Skjalf saw her opportunity and asked Agne to take care of Visbur's torc which was around his neck. Agne bound it fast around his neck before he went to sleep.

The king's tent was next to the woods and was under the branches of a tall tree for shade. When Agne was fast asleep, Skjalf took a rope which she attached to the torc. Then she had her men remove the tent, and she threw the rope over a bough. Then she told her men to pull the rope and they hanged Agne avenging Skjalf's father. Skjalf and her men ran to the ships and escaped to Finland, leaving her sons behind.

Agne was buried at the place and it is presently called Agnafit, which is east of the Tauren (the Old Norse name for Södertörn) and west of Stocksund, i.e. in what is still to this day called Agnehögen (Agne's mound) in Lillhersby.

Þat tel ek undr,
ef Agna her
Skalfar ráð
at sköpum þóttu,
þar gœðing
með gullmeni
Loga dís
at lopti hóf
svalan hest
Signýjar vers.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  How do ye like the high-souled maid,
Who, with the grim Fate-goddess' aid,
Avenged her sire? -- made Swithiod's king
Through air in golden halter swing?
How do ye like her, Agne's men?
Think ye that any chief again
Will court the fate your chief befell,
To ride on wooden horse to hell?(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae

Secondary sources
Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. 0428 Skialf Frostasdoittir 0403 Dag Dyggisson The Wise Dag the Wise or Dagr Spaka (2nd or 3rd century AD) was a mythological Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He was the son of Dyggve, the former king.

Dag was so wise that he could understand the song of birds. He consequently had a tame sparrow which flew to various countries and returned to him with tidings like Hugin and Munin to the wise god Odin.

Once the sparrow happened to land on a corn field in a place called Varva in Reidgotaland (considering the date and location, apparently Gothiscandza). The peasant who owned the field managed to hit the sparrow with a stone and killed him.

When the sparrow did not return, Dag was angry and sacrificed to the gods in order to have an explanation. He was told about what had happened and declaired war on the Goths. He landed in Reidgotaland with a great army and pillaged the land causing people to flee.

After having killed many Goths and taken many prisoners, they were returning to their ships. As they crossed the river at a place called Skjotan's ford (the weapon's ford), a thrall came running and threw a hayfork into the Swedish troops. The hayfork hit Dag on the head and he fell dead from his horse.

Frák at Dagr
dauða orði
frægðar fúss
of fara skyldi,
þá er valteins
til Vörva kom
spakfrömuðr
spörs at hefna.
Ok þat orð
á austrvega
vísa ferð
frá vígi bar,
at þann gram
af geta skyldi
slöngviþref
Sleipnis verðar.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  What news is this that the king's men,
Flying eastward through the glen,
Report? That Dag the Brave, whose name
Is sounded far and wide by Fame --
That Dag, who knew so well to wield
The battle-axe in bloody field,
Where brave men meet, no more will head
The brave -- that mighty Dag is dead!
Varva was wasted with the sword,
And vengeance taken for the bird --
The little bird that used to bring
News to the ear of the great king.
Varva was ravaged, and the strife
Was ended, when the monarch's life
Was ended too -- the great Dag fell
By the hay-fork of a base thrall! (Laing's translation [2] 0382 Dyggi Domarsson Dygvi, Dyggve or Digne was according to Ynglingatal a Swedish king of the House of Ynglings. He died in bed and never reached Valhalla. Instead he went to Hel, Loki's daughter, who acquired a husband of royal blood. In Ynglinga saga, Snorri Sturluson included a piece from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Kveðkat dul,
nema Dyggva hrör
Glitnis gná
at gamni hefr,
því at jódis
Ulfs ok Narfa
Konungmann
kjósa skyldi;
ok allvald
Yngva þjóðar
Loka mær
of leikinn hefr.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  Dygve the Brave, the mighty king,
It is no hidden secret thing,
Has gone to meet a royal mate,
Riding upon the horse of Fate.
For Loke's daughter in her house
Of Yngve's race would have a spouse;
Therefore the fell-one snatched away
Brave Dygve from the light of day.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae 0361 Domar Domaldsson In Norse mythology, the Swedish king Domar of the House of Ynglings was the son of Domalde. He was married to Drott, the sister of Dan the Arrogant who gave his names to the Danes. Drott and Dan are in this work said to be the children of Danp son of Ríg.

His rule lasted long and after the sacrifice of his father Domalde, the crops were plentiful and peace reigned. Consequently there is not much to tell about his reign, and when he died at Uppsala, he was transported over the Fyris Wolds (Fyrisvellir) and burnt on the banks of the river, where a stone was raised over his ashes.

Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Ok þess opt
of Yngva hrör
fróða menn
of fregit hafðak,
hvar Dómarr
á dynjanda
bana háalfs
of borinn væri;
nú þat veitk,
at verkbitinn
Fjölnis niðr
við fýri brann.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  I have asked wise men to tell
Where Domar rests, and they knew well.
Domar, on Fyrie's wide-spread ground,
Was burned, and laid on Yngve's mound.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae  Drott Danpsdoittir Drott, Drótt or Dróttin was a Scandinavian kingly and priestly title corresponding to "prince" in a wide sense. The Scandinavian name for Queen, drottning is derived from this title.

After the Christianisation, the term began to be used for God (cf. the Lord).

Etymology
The same word existed in Old Saxon: drohtin, Old English: dryhten, Old High German: truhtin. The word comes from Proto-Germanic *druhtinaz and is derived from druhti- meaning "war band". In this sense the word appears as Icelandic: drótt, Old English: dryht, Old High German: truht. In Gothic appears the verb driugan meaning "to do military service". In Old English dréogan and in Icelandic drygia appear, both meaning "to perform". The root is the same as in Slavic drug meaning "companion".

Mythology
In the Heimskringla, Snorri Sturluson wrote that Domar married Drott, the daughter of Danp who was the son of Ríg (Heimdall).

Snorri wrote:
Dygvi's mother was Drótt, a daughter of King Danp, the son of Ríg, who was first called konungr in the Danish tongue. His descendants always afterwards considered the title of konungr the title of highest dignity. Dygvi was the first of his family to be called konungr, for his predecessors had been called dróttinn ['chieftain'], and their wives dróttning, and their court drótt ['war band']. Each of their race was called Yngvi, or Ynguni, and the whole race together Ynglingar. Queen Drótt was a sister of King Dan Mikillati, from whom Denmark took its name.
0340 Domalde Visbursson Domalde was a Swedish king of the House of Ynglings, in Norse mythology. He was the son of Visbur.

The sacrifice of king Domalde at Uppsala as painted by Carl LarssonSnorri Sturluson relats that Domalde's rule was marked by bad crops and starvation. The first autumn, the Swedes sacrificed oxen at the temple at Uppsala, but the next harvest was not better. The second autumn, they sacrificed men, but the following crops were even worse.

The third year many Swedes arrived at Gamla Uppsala, and the chiefs decided that they had to sacrifice the king. They sprinkled the statues of the gods with his blood (see Blót) and the good harvests returned.

Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Hitt var fyrr
at fold ruðu
svereðberendr
sínum drótni,
ok landherr
af lífs vönum
dreygrug vápn
Dómalda bar,
þá er árgjörn
Jóta dolgi
Svía kind
of sóa skyldi.[1]  0319 Visbur Vanlandisson In Scandinavian mythology, Visbur was a king of the House of Ynglings and the son of Vanlade.

Snorri Sturluson relates in Ynglinga saga that Visbur was the son of Vanlade and Drífa, a daughter of Snær the Old. He married a daughter of Aud the Rich, and they had two sons, Gisl and Öndur.

However, Visbur found a new wife whereupon his old wife took the two boys and returned to her father.

Visbur had a third son, Domalde, by the new wife. When Gisl and Öndur were twelve and thirteen years old they went to their father to retrieve their mothers dowry. Visbur, however, refused to consent, and then the two sons said that the golden necklace would be the bane of the best man of his house. They then returned and planned to murder their father.

The völva Huld was hired to help them, but she prophesized that killing kin would lead to having kinslaying as a permanent trait in the House of Yngling (Scylfing). They did not care about this warning, went to their father and burnt him to death inside his hall.

Snorri included a piece from Ynglingatal in his account in the Heimskringla:

Ok Visburs
vilja byrgi
sævar niðr
svelga knátti,
þá er meinþjóf
markar öttu
setrs verjendr
á sinn föður;
ok allvald
í arinkjóli
glóða garmr
glymjandi beit.
 0298 Vanlandi Svegdisson Vanlade, Vanlande was a Swedish king at Uppsala of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Sveigder. Snorri Sturluson wrote in the Ynglinga saga, that Vanlade was a great warrior.

Once he stayed for the winter in Finland with Snær the Old, and was married to his daughter Drífa. When he left in spring, he left Drífa behind. Although he had promised her to come back in three years time, she had to wait ten years. Then she sent her and Vanlade's son Visbur to Sweden, and sent a message to the völva Huld. She asked the völva to either bring Vanlade back to Finland or kill him.

As the völva worked to bring Vanlade back, he was staying at Uppsala and he felt a great need to travel to Finland. His advisors and friends told him not to go and claimed that it was the witchraft of the Finns that made him want to go. Having resisted the wish to leave, he became drowsy and went to bed. A little later he screamed that he was hagridden and his men came to help him. However, when they grasped his head the Mara stepped on his legs and when they held his legs she trod on his head. This caused him to die. The Swedes burnt his body by the river Skytån (one of the tributaries of the river Fyrisån) and raised a menhir over him.

Snorri quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:
En á vit
Vilja bróður
vitta véttr
Vanlanda kom,
þá er trollkund
of troða skyldi
liðs grímhildr
ljóna bága;
ok sá brann á beði Skútu
menglötuðr,
er mara kvalði.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  And Vanlande, in a fatal hour,
Was dragg'd by Grimhild's daughter's power,
The witch-wife's, to the dwelling-place
Where men meet Odin face to face.
Trampled to death, to Skytaa's shore
The corpse his faithful followers bore;
And there they burnt, with heavy hearts,
The good chief killed by witchcraft's arts.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm))  

Geography
Geographical note: the river skutá is today called Björklingeån. According to the encyclopedias Nationalencyklopedin and Nordisk familjebok it passed its name onto the village and the parish of Skuttunge. The area does not only contain raised stones, but also 45 grave fields (most from the Iron Age), including a dolmen.

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae  0302 Driva Snaersdoittir In the Orkneyinga saga, Snow the Old (Snærr hinn gamli) is son of Frosti 'frost' son of Kári. In the account called Hversu Noregr byggdist ('How Norway was inhabited') in the Flatey Book, Snær is son of Jökul (Jokull 'icicle, ice, glacier') son of Kári. This Kári is lord of the wind and brother of Ægir or Hlér and Logi, all three being sons of the giant Fornjót. Fornjót is euhemerized in these traditions as an ancient king of Finland and Kvenland. See Fornjót for details.

Snow's son in Orkneyinga saga and Hversu is Thorri 'frozen-snow'. The Hversu also gives Snow three daughters: Fön (Fonn 'Snowdrift'), Drífa 'snowfall', and Mjöl (Mjoll, 'powdered snow'). Sturlaugs saga (section 22) brings in King Snow of Finmark and his daughter Mjöl who flies quickly through the air.

The Ynglinga saga relates how Vanlandi the ruler of Sweden visted Snow in Finland and married his daughter Drífa, but left in the spring and did not return. Drífa bore Vanlandi a son called Vísbur. See Vanlandi for further details.

The Hversu also mentions in passing, when speaking of Snær's distant descendant Halfdan the Old, that Snær's life lasted three hundred years.

Snow's son Thorri reigned after Snow as king of Götaland, Kvenland, and Finland. Thorri had two sons named Nór and Gór and a daughter named Gói ('thin snow, track-snow'). See Nór to follow this lineage further. 0277 Svegdi Fjolnirsson Sveigder or Swegde was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling in Norse mythology. He was the son of Fjölner.

The Ynglinga saga relates that at his father's death Sveigder vowed to go to Godheim (Asgard) and visit Odin. He took his twelve hirdmen and went through the world. He came to Turkland and Great Sweden (Russia), but after five years he returned home. He got himself a wife from Vanaheim (a Vanir?) who was called Vana and they had the son Vanlande. Then Sveigder resumed his search for Odin and came to a mansion east of Sweden called Stein (see also Ingvar) which was called so because there was a stone as big as a house. After sunset, Sveigder was going to bed from having drunk with the hosts, and passing the stone he saw that a dwarf was sitting under it. Sveigder and his companion were drunk and ran for the dwarf. The dwarf called to Sveigder to come into the stone and see Odin which Sveigder did and he never came back.

Snorri also quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

En dagskjarr
Dúrnis niðja
salvörðuðr
Sveigði vétti,
þá er í stein
enn stórgeði
Dusla konr
ept dvergi hljóp,
ok salr bjartr
þeira Sökmímis
jötunbyggðr
við jöfri gein. 0256 Fjolnir Yngvi-Freysson Fjölnir, Fjölner or Fjolner was a Swedish king of the House of Yngling, at Gamla Uppsala.

Grottasöngr
Grottasöngr relates that he was the contemporary of Caesar Augustus. Fjölnir was a mighty king and the crops were bountiful and peace was maintained. At his time, the Danish king Fródi ruled in Lejre in Zealand. The two kings were great friends and they often visited each other, but their friendship was to cause them to inadvertently kill each other. Grottisong relates that when Frodi once visited Uppsala he bought two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, but they were to be his undoing (see Grottasöngr).

Ynglinga saga
Heimskringla relates that he was the son of Freyr himself and the giantess Gerd, but he was the first of his house who was not to be deified. Once Fjölnir went to see Frodi in Zealand and a great feast had been prepared to which many people were invited. Frodi had a large house where he stored a huge vessel full of very strong mead. Above the vessel there was an opening in the ceiling from which mead was poured into it, by men standing in the loft above. After the banquet, Fjölnir was taken to stay the night in an adjoining loft. However, at night he felt that all the mead he had drunk forced him to leave his bed and to seek his way out into the bushes to relieve himself. Since he was very drunk and very tired he stumbled through the wrong door and staggered across the floor above the vessel. He slipped and fell through the opening into the vessel of mead where he drowned.

Ynglingatal
Snorri also quoted some lines of Ynglingatal, composed in the 9th century:

Varð framgengt,
þar er Fróði bjó,
feigðar orð,
er at Fjölni kom;
siklingi
svigðis geira
vágr vindlauss
of viða skyldi.[1] (http://www.home.no/norron-mytologi/sgndok/kvad/yngli.htm)  In Frode's hall the fearful word,
The death-foreboding sound was heard:
The cry of fey denouncing doom,
Was heard at night in Frode's home.
And when brave Frode came, he found
Swithiod's dark chief, Fjolne, drowned.
In Frode's mansion drowned was he,
Drowned in a waveless, windless sea.(Laing's translation [2] (http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)) 

Gesta Danorum
In Gesta Danorum, Book 1, Frodi corresponds to Hadding and Fjölnir to Hunding, but the story is a little different. It relates how King Hunding of Sweden believed a rumor that King Hadding of Denmark had died and held his obsequies with ceremony, including an enormous vat of ale. Hunding himself served the ale, but accidently stumbled and fell into the vat, choked, and drowned. When word of this came to King Hadding of this unfortunate death, King Hadding publicly hanged himself (see Freyr).

Sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Grottisongr
Gesta Danorum  0235 Yngvi-Frey Njord King Of Sweden Yngvi, Ingui or Ing appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr, which meant "lord".

In Scandinavian mythology, Yngvi, alternatively Yngve, was the progenitor of the Yngling lineage, a legendary dynasty of Swedish kings from whom the earliest historical Norwegian kings in turn claimed to be descended, see also Freyr.

Information on Yngvi varies in different traditions as follows:

Yngvi is a name of the god Frey, perhaps intended as Frey's true name while Frey 'Lord' is his common title. In the Ynglinga saga and in Gesta Danorum, Frey is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the Ynglinga saga, Yngvi-Frey reigned in succession to his father Njörd who in turn succeeded Odin. Yngvi-Frey's descendants were the Ynglings.

In the Islendíngabók Yngvi Tyrkja konungr 'Yngvi king of Turkey' appears as father of Njörd who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Frey, the ancestor of the Ynglings.

In the introduction to Snorri Sturluson's Edda Snorri claims again that Odin reigned in Sweden and relates: "Odin had with him one of his sons called Yngvi, who was king in Sweden after him; and those houses come from him that are named Ynglings." Snorri here does not identify Yngvi and Frey though Frey occasionally appears elsewhere as son of a Odin instead of a son of Njörd. See Sons of Odin.

In the Skáldskaparmál section of Snorri Sturluson's Edda Snorri brings in the ancient king Halfdan the Old who is the father of nine sons whose names are all words meaning 'king' or 'lord' in Old Norse and nine other sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". But rather oddly Snorri immediately follows this with information on what should be four other personages who were not sons of Halfdan but who also fathered dynasties and names the first of these as "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". In the related account in the Ættartolur ('Genealogies') attached to Hversu Noregr byggdist, the name Skelfir appears instead of Yngvi in the list of Halfdan's sons. For more details see Scylfing

(The Yngling Saga section of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla also introduces a second Yngvi son of Alrek who is a descendant of Yngvi-Frey and who shared the Swedish kingship with his brother Álf. See Yngvi and Alf)

Jacob Grimm in his Teutonic Mythology and many others have considered it likely that Yngvi was originally identical to Ing/Ingo/Ingui, the legendary eponymous ancestor of the Ingvaeones.

The element Ing- in Old English names is usually considered to be related.

The Old English Runic Poem contains these obscure lines:

Ing wæs ærest mid Eástdenum
gesewen secgum, oð he síððan eást
ofer wæg gewát. wæn æfter ran.
þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon.

Ing was first amidst the East Danes so seen, until he went eastward
over the sea. His wagon ran after.  Thus the Heardings named that hero.
0239 Gerd Gymersdoittir Gerd, Gärd, Gerdhr, Gerda or Gerdur (Old Norse Gerð) was the giantess wife of the Norse god Freyr and a daughter of Gymir by Aurboda. Her name is probably from gerða 'to fence in' related to garðr 'enclosed space' cognate with the English word yard and (through Danish) of the English word garth. Gerd may have been a personification of soil fertility. Her brilliant, naked arms illuminated air and sea.

Gerd is included among the Ásynjur in Snorri Sturluson's Edda.

The account of her wooing is given in the poem Skirnismál. She never wanted to marry Freyr, refused his proposals (delivered through Skirnir, his messenger) even after bringing her eleven golden apples and Draupnir. Skirnir finally threatened to use Freyr's sword to cover the earth in ice and she agreed to marry Freyr.

According to the Ynglinga saga she was the mother of Freyr's son Fjölnir who succeeded Freyr as ruler of Sweden.

In the Skáldskaparmál Gerd is named along with Jörd, Rind, and Gunnlöd as rivals of Odin's wife Frigg, these other three being among those whom Snorri Sturluson elsewhere relates that Odin had bedded. Gerd in this list is probably an error for Gríd who is otherwise conspicuously absent. 0214 Njord King Of Sweden Njord (Old Norse Njorðr) is one of the Vanir and the god of seamanship and sailing in Norse mythology. He is son of Yngvi husband of Skadi (Skadhi) but previously the father of Yngvi-Freyr and Freya (by his sister: apparently the Vanir, unlike the Æsir, were allowed to practice sibling incest). His dwelling is said to be Noatun 'Ship-town'. Njord is also a god closely associated with fertility, as are the Vanir in general.

Njord and his children joined the Æsir as Vanir hostages after the Æsir/Vanir war.

Njord is the Old Norse equivalent of the goddess Nerthus described by Tacitus. It has been suggested by Hilda R. Ellis Davidson in Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (1964) that there was possibly originally a male and female pair of deities, Njord and Nerthus, with Freyr later replacing Nerthus. She also makes the point that there were other male/female pairings of Norse gods of whom little is known but their names, e.g. Ullr and Ullin.

The comparative mythologist Georges Dumézil developed the idea introduced by Jacob Grimm that the hero Hadding in Saxo Grammaticus' Danish History, Book I, might be an euhemerized version of Njord. This suggestion was used by science-fiction/fantasy writer Poul Anderson in his War of the Gods.

In Viktor Rydberg's idiosyncratic and increasingly accepted reconstruction of Norse mythology Njord was also known as "Fridlief", the Lover of Frith. With Hodur, he undertook a mission of peace to Weland and Egil, which they refused. He rescued his son Freyr from the giants later on. During the war between Æsir and Vanir, he led the attack on Asgard and won. While he was gone from Vanaheim, Loki tried to take over there, but Njord defeated him in battle and routed him.

How Njord met Skadi The Æsir regretfully killed Skadi's father, Weland-Thjazi, who had inflicted the Ice Age on the world. She put on her skis and skied all the way to Valhalla. The gods agreed that they would have to repay her in some way. She would be able to choose any of the males as her husband, but she was only allowed to look at the feet as she chose. She looked long at all of the feet, and she chose the cleanest pair, thinking that it must belong to Baldur. It wasn't Baldur, however, but Njord, whose feet were washed clean by the sea. Although they loved each other very much, their marriage wasn't the best. Skadi lived in a land of winter, but Njord didn't like being woken up all the time by the wolves, and he could hardly sleep anyway because it was so cold. Skadi couldn't take living in a spring forest, being woken early by the birds. And she thought it was a little too warm. But they decided to live a week at each place, and it worked well for them.

Other names
Njord
Njörd
Njördh
Njörðr
Njorðr (most accurate)  0217 Queen Njord of Sweden 0214 Gymer Fornjotsson Aegir, originally Ægir, is considered the ruler of the sea in Norse mythology. He is a personification of the power of the ocean and its strength for good or ill in the affairs of men. In Norse poetry, the "jaws of Aegir" were what sank ships at sea. He was also known for throwing massive parties for the gods.

Snorri in Skaldskaparmal identifies Aegir with Gymir and Hlér who lived on Hlesey. Gymir, it may be noticed, is the name of the monstruous and terrible giant of the underworld, the father of the beautiful Gerd wooed by Freyr. Hymir, who seems to be a sea-giant, has a link with the gods, for he is said in Hymiskviða to be father of Tyr.

Aegir is said to have had nine daughters with his wife, Ran. His daughters were called the billow maidens. They were named Bara, Blodughadda, Bylgia, Dufa, Hefring, Himinglaeva, Hronn, Kolga, and Unn. The names of each reflect the types of waves of the sea; they wore white robes and veils. (cf. his counterpart Poseidon)

Aegir is son of Fornjót and brother of Logi 'fire, flame' and Kári (wind). He is also called Hlér and Gymir. In the Lokasenna, he has a festival for the gods, where he provides the ale brewed in an enormous pot provided by Thor. The story of Thor getting the pot for the brewing is told in the Hymiskviða.

Aegir had two servants, Fimafeng (killed by Loki) and Eldir.

Other spellings
Common Swedish form: Ägir
Common Danish form: Ægir
Also known as: Gýmir
0218 Orboda Fornnjot Fornjót (Old Norse Fornjótr) is an ancient giant in Norse mythology, the father of Kári (a personification of wind), of Logi (a personification of fire), and of Hlér or Ægir (the ruler of the sea). The meaning of the name is not clear, It might possibly be from forn 'old' + jótr 'Jutlander' or possibly 'giant' or might be from for 'early' + njótr 'destroyer'. Fornjót is also, following a particular legendary genealogical tradition, the first-known direct paternal ancestor of William I of England and also through other supposed descendants a terminal ancestor of ascending branches of many European noble families and modern Icelandic families.

Contents
1 Fornjót in the texts
2 Ægir
3 Logi
3.1 In the Gylfaginning
3.2 In the Saga of Thorstein Víking's son
4 Kári
5 More traditions about persons named Frosti and Logi
5.1 Fornjót as an ancestor of the House of Yngling

Fornjót in the texts
Fornjót is mentioned only twice in old verse: in stanza 29 of Ynglingatal where "son of Fornjót" seems to refer to fire and in a citation in Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál:

How should the wind be periphrased? Thus: call it son of Fornjót, Brother of the Sea and of Fire, Scathe or Ruin or Hound or Wolf of the Wood or of the Sail or of the Rigging.

Thus spake Svein in the Nordrsetu-drápa:
First began to fly
Fornjót's sons ill-shapen.

Fornjót is listed as a giant (jötun) in one of the thulur sometimes included in editions of the Skáldskaparmál. This is as expected, since Fornjót's son Ægir is also identified as a giant in various sources.

In the Orkneyinga saga and in Hversu Noregr byggdist ('How Norway was settled')—both found in the Flatey Book—Fornjót appears as an ancient ruler of Finland and Kvenland. He is the father of three sons named Ægir or Hlér, Logi 'flame', and Kári. The Hversu account says further that Hlér ruled over the seas, Logi over fire, and Kári over wind.

Ægir
For more on Ægir see Ægir.

Logi
In the Gylfaginning
Logi appears by that name in the Gylfaginning in the tale of Thor's journey to the halls of Útgard-loki where he was pitted against Logi in an eating contest. The contestants appeared to be equal in speed at eating meat from the bone, but Logi also consumed the bones as well and even the wooden trencher. Útgard-loki afterwards explained that Logi was really fire itself.

In the Saga of Thorstein Víking's son
The beginning of Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar ('Saga of Thorstein son of Víking') brings in a king named Logi who ruled the country north of Norway. Logi was the handsomest of men, but with the strength and size of the giants from whom he was descended. (Logi's ancestry is here not otherwise specified.) Because Loge was larger and stronger than any other man in land, his name was lengthened from Logi to Hálogi 'High-Logi' and from that name the country was called Hálogaland 'Hálogi's-land' (modern Hålogaland or Halogaland).

The saga tells that Hálogi's wife was Glöd (Gloð 'glad'), the daughter of Grím (Grímr) of Grímsgard (Grímsgarðr) in Jötunheim in the far north and her mother was Alvör (Alvor) the sister of King Álf the Old ('Álfr hinn gamli') of Álfheim. Or perhaps, the name of Hálogi's wife should be rendered instead as Glód (Glóð 'red-hot embers') if this Logi is indeed either identical or confused with Logi as a personification of fire. The names of his daughters in this account were Eisa 'glowing embers' and Eimyrja 'embers', the fairest women in the land, whose names were later applied to the things which became their meaning, certain indication of the original fiery nature of their father. (Wife and daughters are sometimes wrongly ascribed to Loki rather than Logi in secondary sources.)

Two of Hálogi's jarls named Véseti and Vífil (Vífill) abducted Hálogi's daughters and fled the country. At that point Hálogi is out of the story. Véseti settled in Borgundarhólm (Bornholm) where Eisa bore him two sons named Búi and Sigurd Cape (Sigurðr Kápa). Vífil fled farther east to an island named Vífilsey 'Vífil's Isle' where Eimyrja bore him a son named Víking (Víkingr) who was father of Thorstein (Þorsteinn) the hero of the saga. Víking is made out to be a contemporary of a King Ólaf (Ólafr) who is said to be the brother of King Önund (Onundr) of Sweden. Descendants of Thorstein appear in Fridthjófs saga ins frækna (Friðþjófs saga ins frækna 'Saga of Fridthjof the Bold') and in the Starkad section of Gautreks saga 'Gautrek's saga'.

This account cannot be reconiciled with the account in the Hversu and Orkneyinga saga without assuming multiple figures with the same names. In Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar, Logi (a descendant of giants) is the husband to a niece of King Álf the Old of Álfheim who himself is the husband of Bergdís the daughter of King Raum (Raumr) of Raumaríki. In the other accounts Logi is the brother of Kári who is a distant ancestor of Raum the Old who is father of Álf or Finnálf (Finnálfr), king of Álfheim.

Kári
Kári is mentioned in one of the thulur as a term for wind. Otherwise this personage appears only in the Hversu and Orkneyinga saga accounts where Kári appears to be the heir to his father's kingdoms as in the Hversu Kári's descendants emerge also as rulers of Finland and Kvenland. Kári is father of a son who is named Frosti ('frost') according to the Orkneyinga saga but named Jökul (jokull 'icicle, ice, glacier') according to the Hversu. This son in turn is the father of Snær the Old (Snærr inn gamli 'Snow the Old').

See Snær to follow this lineage further.

More traditions about persons named Frosti and Logi
In the Ynglinga saga the names Logi and Frosti are otherwise connected when it relates that King Agni of Sweden in a raid on Finland killed Frosti, the leader of the Finns who opposed him and captured Skjálf, Frosti's daughter, and her brother Logi. (But the verse of the Ynglingtal quoted here as confirmation says only that Skjálf is Logi's kin.) For Skjálf's marriage to Agni and her vengeance on him see Agni. Agni himself, as discussed under Snær, is here a descendant of Snær through Snær's daughter Drífa who married King Vanlandi of Sweden.

Fornjót as an ancestor of the House of Yngling
This is a family tree which is not only based on Historia Norwegiae and Ynglinga saga. It also includes some members who are mentioned in other Old Norse sources (and in Beowulf).  0668 Eystein “the Severe” Throndsson King of the Uplands "Haardrade". 0670 Solveig Halfdansdottir Halfdan “Gold Tooth” Guldand 0743 Asa Haroldsdoittir Daughter of Harold "Red Lips" King of Agder. 0738 - 0810 Gudröd Halfdansson King of Norway (Vestfold) 72 72 "De Gernon" - ruled 800-810 in Vestfold, Vermaland, Vingulmark and Roumarike.
"Royalty for Commoners", Roderick W. Stuart, 1992, 2nd edition.
(This book lists all of the known ancestors of John of Gaunt, which  amounts to most of the Medieval royalty of Europe. Also see the following article: "A Mediaeval Miscellany: Commentaries on Roderick W. Stuart's Royalty for Commoners," The American Genealogist 69 (April 1994).

Gudröd the Hunter (Old Norse: Guðröðr veiðikonung, Modern Icelandic: Guðröður veiðikonung, Norwegian: Gudrød Veidekonge) was the son of Halfdan the Mild of the House of Yngling and of Liv Dagsdotter of Vestmar, according to Heimskringla, a collection of sagas from thirteenth century Iceland.

Gudröd married Alfhild, a daughter of Alfarin the king of Alfheim (Bohuslän), which was the name of the area between Glomma and Göta älv, and inherited half the province of Vingulmark. They had the son Olaf Gudrødsson.

When Alfhild died, Gudröd sent his warriors to Agder and its king Harald to propose a marriage with his daughter Åsa. However, Harald declined so Gudröd decided to take his daughter by force.

They arrived at night time and when Harald realised that he was attacked he assembled his men and fought well, but died together with his son Gyrd. Gudröd carried away Åsa and married her. He raped her and she gave him a son named Halfdan who would be called Halfdan the Black.

In the fall when Halfdan was a year old, Gudröd was having at a feast in Stiflesund. He was very drunk and in the evening as he was walking on the gangway to leave the ship, an assassin thrust a spear trough Gudröd and he was killed. Gudröd's men instantly killed the assassin who turned out to be Åsa's page-boy. Åsa admitted that the page-boy had acted on her behalf.

 0630 - 0677 Warinus (Guerin) Autun Count of Poitiers 47 47 0630 Kunza/ Gunza De Treves 0596 - 0690 St. Clodulphe de Metz 94 94 0600 - 0677 St. Marie (Sigrada) de Alsace 77 77
0582 - 0641 St. Arnould de Heristal 58 58 (Arnulf) Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia.
Bishop of Metz (614-629)
 0581 Clothilde “Dode & Oda” de Meroving 0562 - 0601 Arnoldus (Arnoaldus) XXVII Meroving 39 39
Itte (Oda) von Swabia D. 0570 Ausbertus de Meroving
0541 - 0580 Bertha de Meroving 39 39 0689 - 0741 Charles “the Hammer” Martel Mayor of the Palace 52 52 Duc de Antrim.
 0634 - 0714 Pepin II “The Great” of Heristal Duc de Brabant 80 80 Pepin II "The Great" of Heristal Mayor of the Palace (to King Theurdoric) Duc de Brabant.
 0654 Elphide (Chalpaida)(Alpais) von Sachsen
0602 - 0685 Ansigise Meroving 83 83 0613 - 0698 St. Beggue “Begue” de Landin 85 85 0591 - 0639 Pepin I “The Old” de Landen 48 48
0597 - 0652 Itte (Itta) de Metz 55 55
0570 - 0615 Carloman Mayor of Austrasia 45 45 Major Domus
 Charles Count of Brabant
0755 - 0812 Saint Guillaume I de Gellone 57 57 Count of Toulouse, Marquis of Septimania.

il se montra un excellent chevalier chrétien pendant la guerre contre les sarrasins.  Il construisit un monastère à Gellone (diocèse de Lodève) et demanda des moines à Aniane.  Guilhem vivait à Gellone ("cella" de l'abbaye mère d'Aniane) une vie humble, cachée et avec une grande piété qui contrastait avec les honneurs et les plus hautes charges dont il avait été investit en tant qu'un des plus illustres homme de guerre de son temps et membre de la famille impériale.  Après sa mort le 28 mai 812, le couvent reçut le nom de Saint-Guilhem-du-Désert.  Canonisé en 1066. 0730 - 0793 Thierry (Theoderic) Count of Autun 63 63   0724 - 0804 Aude (Aldana) de France 80 80 0695 - 0724 Rotrude De Treves Duchess of Austrasia 29 29 (Chrotrude) 0660 - 0713 St. Lievin De Treves Bishop of Treves 53 53 Bishop of Treves. 0665 Willigarde of Bavaria 0562 - 0589 Ambassador Bodogisel (Borogiso) d'Aquitaine 27 27 Patrician, Ambassador to Byzantium.
 0560 - 0634 Abbess Oda (Chrodoare) de Savoie 74 74 Abbess of Amay in Belgium ca. 589.
  0530 - 0566 Gondolfus de Soissons (Mayor of the Palace) Count of Soissons 36 36 Mayor of the Palace of Neustria.
  0540 Palatina d'Angouleme 0510 Maurilion d'Angouleme 0505 - 0532 Munderic de Cologne 27 27  He was very young in 509 at the time of his fathers’ murder. Munderic was of Vitry-en-Perthois. He revolted against Thierry I, who killed him. He was a pretender to the throne of Austrasia. 0505 Artemia (Arthemia) 0475 - 0509 Chloderic “The Parricide” King of Cologne 34 34 0455 - 0508 Sigebert “The Lame” King of Cologne 53 53 0430 - 0447 Childebert King of Cologne 17 17 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 128.
'Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants', Langston & Buck, 1986, p cv. 0435 - 0478 Amalaberge 43 43 0876 - 0936 Henry I “The Fowler” of Germany 60 60 Duke of Saxony, who in 919 was chosen as King of Germany by the other German rulers, reigned over Germany, 919-936. During his reign Germany was something like a confederation of such territories as Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, and Lorraine. He was known as the "City-Builder." He is named as the head of the Saxon dynasty. Matilda of Ringelheim D. 0912 Hedwige of Carinthia Edith (or Edwige) de la Marche.  Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.  0828 - 0912 Otto “The Illustrious” Duke of Saxony 84 84 Count of Thuringia & Duke of Saxony.  Son of Ludolph, Duke of Saxony and his wife, Hedwige, daughter of Eberhard, Count of Burgundy, son of Henrok, Duke of Frioul, and his wife, Gisela, daughter of Louis I., the Debonaire, King of France. Details are not available of each generation of descendants but it is recorded that Gisela was also the grandmother of Duke Burkhardt, who died in 911, from whom descended Ulrich von Uerikon, Swiss knight, born in 1259. Otto of Saxony reigned in Germany from 880 to 912. 0804 - 0866 Ludolph (Duke of Saxony) 62 62 Liudulf, Margrave of East Saxony 0796 Oda (dau of either Billung or Warin, Bishop of Hildesheim) 0850 - 0899 Arnulf of Carinthia (King of Germany) 49 49 "He was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 to his death. He was the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine, Liutswind, of Carinthian origin, daughter of one Count Ernst. He was given the duchy of Carinthia (a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Karantania) by his father when he divided his realm, giving Bavaria to Louis the Younger and the Kingdom of Italy to Charles the Fat, in 880 on his death.

He spent his childhood in Karantania, homeland of his mother. Carloman had a court there, in Moosburg (then Blatograd), where the young Arnulf grew up. From later events it is evident that the Karantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own duke.

He took the leading role in the deposition of his uncle, the Emperor Charles the Fat. With the support of the nobles, Arnulf held a diet and deposed Charles in November 887, under threat of military action. Charles peacefully went into his involuntary retirement, but not without first chastising his nephew for his treachery and asking only for a few royal villas in Swabia, which Arnulf mercifully granted him, on which to live out his final months. Arnulf was elected by the nobles of the realm (only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish lands) and assumed his title of King.

Arnulf was not a negotiator, but a fighter. At the decisive Battle of Leuven in September 891, he defeated an invading force of the Northmen, or Vikings, essentially ending their invasions on that front. The Annales Fuldenses report that the bodies of dead Northmen blocked the run of the river. After his victory, Arnulf built a new castle on an island in the Dijle river.

In 893 or 894, Great Moravia probably lost a part of its territory — present-day Western Hungary — to him. Arnulf, however, failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia when he attempted it in 892, 893, and 899. In 895, Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal. An accord was made between him and the Bohemian Duke Borivoj I (reigned 870-895); Bohemia was thus freed from the dangers of invasion.

In 893, Pope Formosus, not trusting the newly crowned co-emperors Guy and Lambert, sent an embassy to Regensburg to request Arnulf come and liberate Italy, where he would be crowned in Rome. Arnulf sent his son Zwentibold with a Bavarian army to join Berengar of Friuli. They defeated Guy, but were bought off and left in autumn. Arnulf then personally led an army across the Alps early in 894. He conquered all of the territory north of the Po, but went no further before Guy died suddenly in late autumn. Lambert and his mother Ageltrude travelled to Rome to receive papal confirmation of his imperial succession, but Formosus, still desiring to crown Arnulf, was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo.

In September 895, a new embassy arrived in Regensburg beseeching Arnulf's aid. In October, Arnulf undertook his second campaign into Italy. He crossed the Alps quickly and took Pavia, but then he continued slowly, garnering support among the nobility of Tuscany. First Maginulf, Count of Milan, and then Walfred, Count of Pavia, joined him. Eventually even the Margrave Adalbert II abandoned Lambert. Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude, he had to take the city by force on 21 February 896, freeing the pope. Arnulf was there crowned King and Emperor by Formosus on 22 February. He only retained power in Italy as long as he was personally there. Arnulf marched on Spoleto, where Ageltrude had fled to join Lambert, but he suffered a stroke and had to call of the campaign. That same year, Formosus died, leaving Lambert once again in power. Rumours of the time made Arnulf's condition to be a result of poisoning at the hand of Ageltrude. He returned to Germany and had no more control in Italy for the rest of his life.

On Arnulf's death in 899, he was succeeded as a king of the East Franks by his son by his wife Ota, Louis the Child. Arnulf's illegitimate son Zwentibold, whom he had made King of Lotharingia in 895, continued to rule there until the next year (900)."
--- Wikipedia Oda of Bavaria 0830 - 0880 Carloman (King of Bavaria) 50 50 The eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia (Germany), and Emma, daughter of the count Welf. He was king of Bavaria from 876 and of Italy from 877 until he was incapacitated in 879 and died in 880.

He revolted in 861 and again two years later (863); an example that was followed by the second son, Louis the Younger, who in a further rising was joined by his brother Charles the Fat. In 864, Louis was forced to grant Carloman the kingdom of Bavaria, which Louis himself had once held under his father. The next year (865), he divided the remainder of his lands: Saxony he gave to Louis (with Franconia and Thuringia) and Swabia to Charles (with Rhaetia). A report that Emperor Louis II was dead led to peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was not in fact dead. In 876, Louis the German died and Carloman inherited his share. The brothers maintained concord amongst themselves, contrary the example set by their own father and uncles and their cousins.

Upon the death of Charles the Bald of West Francia in 877, Carloman also became king of Italy, the first German ruler to do so. In 879, he was crippled by a stroke and divided his dominions as his father had done. He granted Louis Bavaria and Charles Italy. He had no legitimate issue, but had a concubine named Litwinde. His illegitimate son by her, Arnulf, was granted the duchy of Carinthia. Arnulf later became king of Germany and Italy and emperor. Litwinde concubine 0804 - 0876 Louis II "The German” (King of the East Franks) 72 72 Louis II (also known as Louis the German or Louis the Bavarian or German Ludwig der Deutsche) (804 – August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire, and king of East Francia from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 until his death.

His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis divided his dominions between his sons in 817, Louis received Bavaria (formerly his brother Lothair's) and the neighbouring lands, but did not undertake the governing of such until 825, when he became involved in wars with the Wends and Sorbs on his eastern frontier. In 827, he married Emma, sister of his stepmother Judith, and daughter of Welf, whose possessions ranged from Alsace to Bavaria. Louis soon began to interfere in the quarrels arising from Judith's efforts to secure a kingdom for her own son Charles (later known as Charles the Bald) and the consequent struggles of his brothers with their father.

His involvement in the first civil war of his father's reign was limited, but in the second, his elder brothers, Lothair, then king of Italy, and Pepin, king of Aquitaine, induced him to invade Alemannia — which their father had given to their half-brother Charles — by promising to give him the land in the new partition they would make. In 832, he led an army of Slavs into Alemannia and completely subjugated it. Louis the Pious disinherited him, but to no effect; the emperor was captured by his own rebellious sons and deposed. Upon his swift reinstatement, however, the Emperor Louis made peace with his son Louis and restored Bavaria (never actually lost) to him (836).

In the third civil war (began 839) of his father's ruinous final decade, Louis was the insitgator. A strip of his land having been given to the young Charles, Louis invaded Alemannia again. His father was not so sluggish in responding to him this time and soon the younger Louis was forced into the far southeastern corner of his realm, the Ostmark. Peace had been made by force of arms.

When the elder Louis died in 840 and Lothair claimed the whole Empire, Louis allied with the half-brother, Charles the Bald, and defeated Lothair and their nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine, son of Pepin, at the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye in June 841. In June 842, the three brothers met on an island in the Saône to negotiate a peace, and each appointed forty representatives to arrange the boundaries of their respective kingdoms. This developed into the Treaty of Verdun, concluded in August 843, by which Louis received the bulk of the lands lying east of the Rhine (East Francia), together with a district around Speyer, Worms, and Mainz, on the left bank of the river. His territories included Bavaria, where he made Regensburg the centre of his government, Thuringia, Franconia, and Saxony. He may truly be called the founder of the German kingdom, though his attempts to maintain the unity of the Empire proved futile. Having in 842 crushed a rising in Saxony, he compelled the Obotrites to own his authority, and undertook campaigns against the Bohemians, Moravians, and other tribes, but was not very successful in freeing his shores from the ravages of the Vikings.

At his instance, synods and assemblies were held where laws were decreed for the better government of church and state. In 852, he had sent his son Louis the Younger to Aquitaine, where the barons had grown resentful of Pepin's lifestyle. The younger Louis did not set out until 854, but he returned the following year. In 853 and the following years, Louis made more than one attempt to secure the throne of West Francia, which, according to the Annals of Fulda (Annales Fuldenses), the people of that country offered him in their disgust with the cruel misrule of Charles the Bald. Encouraged by his nephews Pepin II and Charles, king of Provence, Louis invaded in 858; Charles the Bald could not even raise an army to resist the invasion and fled to Burgundy; in that year, Louis issued a charter dated "the first year of the reign in West Francia." Treachery and desertion in his army, and the loyalty to Charles of the Aquitanian bishops brought about the failure of the enterprise, which Louis renounced by a treaty signed at Coblenz on June 7, 860.

In 855, the emperor Lothair died, and Louis and Charles for a time seem to have cooperated in plans to divide Lothair's possessions among themselves — the only impediments to this being Lothair's sons: Lothair II (who received Lotharingia), Louis II (who held the imperial title and the Iron Crown), and the aforementioned Charles. In 863, on the death of Charles, they divided Provence and Burgundy between them. In 868, at Metz they agreed definitely to a partition of Lotharingia; but when Lothair II died in 869, Louis the German was lying seriously ill, and his armies were engaged with the Moravians. Charles the Bald accordingly seized the whole kingdom; but Louis the German, having recovered, compelled him by a threat of war to agree to the Treaty of Mersen, which divided it between the claimants.

The later years of Louis the German were troubled by risings on the part of his sons, the eldest of whom, Carloman, revolted in 861 and again two years later; an example that was followed by the second son Louis, who in a further rising was joined by his brother Charles. In 864, Louis was forced to grant Carloman the kingdom of Bavaria, which he himself had once held under his father. The next year (865), he divided the remainder of his lands: Saxony he gave to Louis the Younger (with Franconia and Thuringia) and Swabia (with Rhaetia) to Charles, called the Fat. A report that the emperor Louis II was dead led to peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was not in fact dead, and Louis' old adversary, Charles the Bald.

Louis was preparing for war when he died on August 28, 876 at Frankfurt. He was buried at the abbey of Lorsch, leaving three sons and three daughters. His sons, unusually for the times, respected the division made a decade earlier and each contented himself with his own kingdom. Louis is considered by many to be the most competent of the grandsons of Charlemagne. He obtained for his kingdom a certain degree of security in face of the attacks of Norsemen, Magyars, Slavs, and others. He lived in close alliance with the Church, to which he was very generous, and entered eagerly into schemes for the conversion of his heathen neighbours.

He was married to Emma of Altdorf (died 31 January 876). They had seven children:

Hildegard (828-856)
Carloman (829-880)
Ermengard (died 866)
Gisela
Louis the Younger (830-882)
Bertha (died 877)
Charles the Fat (839-888) D. 0876 Emma of Bavaria dau of Guelph I Count of Altdorf, and the sister of Judith of Bavaria. ~0850 Gisela of Lorraine ~0832 - 0885 Godefrid of Haithabu 53 53 Ludmilla Ragnhildis of Ringleheim Matilda of Ringelheim ~0872 - 0917 Dietrich of the Saxon Hamalant 45 45 ~0828 - 0856 Reginhart of Ringelheim 28 28 Ermengarde 0915 - 0963 Guillaume I “Towhead ” Count of Poitou 48 48 William III (915 – 3 April 963), called Towhead (French: Tête d'étoupe, Latin: Caput Stupe) from the colour of his hair, was the Count of Poitou (as "William I") and Duke of Aquitaine from 935 to his death. He was also Count of Auvergne from 950.

William was son of Ebalus Manzer and Emilienne. He was born in Poitiers. The royal chancery never recognised his ducal title, only calling him "count of the Duchy of Aquitaine" from 959 and "Duke of Aquitaine" only after 962.

Shortly aftered the death of King Rudolph in 936, he was constrained to forfeit some land to Hugh the Great by Louis IV. He did it with grace, but his relationship with Hugh thenceforward deteriorated. In 950, Hugh was reconciled with Louis and granted the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine. He tried to conquer Aquitaine with Louis's assistance, but William defeated them. Lothair, Louis's successor, feared the power of William. In August 955, he joined Hugh to besiege Poitiers, which resisted successfully. William, however, gave battle and was routed.

After the death of Hugh, his son Hugh Capet was named duke of Aquitaine, but he never tried to take up his fief, as William reconciled with Lothair.

He was given the abbey of Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand, which remained in his house after his death. He also built a library in the palace of Poitiers. He married Gerloc (renamed Adele), daughter of Rollo of Normandy. They had at least two children: Adelaide, who married Hugh Capet, and William, his successor in Aquitaine. William abdicated to the abbey of Saint-Cyprien in Poitiers and left the government to his son. 0889 - 0934 Ebles "Manzer" of Aquitaine 45 45 Emmlienne 0848 - 0890 Ranulph II of Poitiers 42 42 ~0897 - 0962 Adele of Normandy 65 65 Lisiard of Fezensac 0819 - ~0866 Adelaide of the Holy Roman Empire 47 47 Guerri I De Morvois Eve of Roussillon D. 0877 Gerard of Roussillon Bertha of Tours 0773 - 0810 Pepin I (Carlomon) of Italy 37 37 0797 - 0818 Bernard of Italy 21 21 0840 - 0902 Herbert I De Vermandois 62 62 Count of Vermandois and Troyes. 0817 - >0840 Pepin II De Vermandois 23 23 Bertha of Toulouse 0797 - 0835 Kunigunda (Cunegonde) 38 38 0880 - ~0931 Beatrice De Vermandois 51 51 ~0862 Bertha De Morvois 0870 - 15 JUN 923 Robert I of France 0765 - 0836 Hugues II of Alsace 71 71 0820 - 25 AUG 866 Robert IV "Fortis" of France 0769 Bava of Alsace 1591 - 1675 John Black 84 84 1629 - Came to Salem on "Talbot"
1629 - First seen with a family
25 DEC 1637 - granted marsh and meadow in Salem
29 MAY 1644 - As John Blake, declared a freeman at Boston

Children:
Elizabeth Black b: 1632 in Salem, Essex, Massachusetts
Persis Black b: 1634 in England
Lydia Black b: 25 DEC 1636 in Salem, Essex, Massachusutts
Lydia Black b: 3 JUN 1638 in Salem, Essex, Massachusetts
? Black b: 29 SEP 1640
John Black b: 1642 in Salem, Essex, Massachusetts
----------------------------------------
"Gilberts of New England" edited by Geoffrey Gilbert (Victoria, BC, 1959) contains the following notes by C.A. Torrey:
"John Black, Sr. of Beverly, Mass. died intestate 16 Mar. 1674/5. Adm. was granted 20 July 1675 to his son John, who was ordered to make payments to his sisters Eliza Kimball, Persis Follett, and Lydia Davis. The sister Eliza (Elizabeth) evidently was the wife of Henry Kimball, as he was the only Kimball in Essex Co. who had a wife Elizabeth in 1675 and 1676.
John Black had 3 daughters baptized in Salem Church: Lydia on 25 Dec. 1636; another Lydia on 3 June 1638; a daughter, not named in the church record, on 29 Nov. 1640. From the probate record it appears that the daughter baptized 3 June 1638 was the youngest, living in 1675. Persis, who married Robert Follett 29 Nov. 1655, was younger than Elizabeth. Quite likely Elizabeth was born about 1632 and Persis about 1634.
John Black's wife is not mentioned in the Essex County Probate Records, nor in Perley's 'History of Salem, Mass'. Presumably she was the Susanna Black who, with her husband John, joined the church in Charlestown, Mass., 4 Jan. 1634/5.
As nearly as can be ascertained Humphrey Gilbert's son, John, by his wife Elizabeth Black, was born in or about 1656."

Nathaniel B. Shurtleff's "Records of The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England" (1853) contains the following entry from the court of May 13, 1640:
"Pl. [plaintiff] The petition of the inhabitants of Salem for some of their church to have Jeffryes Creeke, & land to erect a village there, for Mr Willi: Walton, John Blacke, Willi: Allen, Sam: Orchard, Geo: Norton, et al, compa; what land & inlargement may bee convenient, & is not granted to any other plantation, is granted them; & it is referred to Mr John Winthorpe, Iunior, & Mr Symon Bradstreete, to settle the bounds of the said village."

"The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633" by Robert Charles Anderson (1995) contains the following data on John Black:
"JOHN BLACK
"MIGRATION: 1629 on 'Talbot'
"FIRST RESICENCE: Salem
"REMOVES: Beverly
"OCCUPATION: Husbandman
"CHURCH MEMBERSHIP: In list of Salem church members before reorganization in late 1636; membership prior to 6 March 1631/2 implied by freemanship.
"FREEMAN: 6 March 1631/2
"EDUCATION: Signed petition of 13 May 1640 [implying he could read and write]
"Offices: Essex petit jury 27 December 1636
"ESTATE: 1636, granted 30 acres at Jeffrey's Creek as a freeman of Salem. 25 December 1637, granted three quarters of an acre of marsh, based on a household of four persons.
"Joined petition of 13 May 1640, made by seventeen Salem men, for land at Jeffrey's Creek 'to erect a village there.'
"On 28 October 1668 John Black Sr. of Salem, planter, sold to William Browne Jr. of Salem for £6 one acre salt marsh in North Field. On 20 April 1670 John Black Sr. of Beverly, husbandman, sold to 'my son John Black of the same' for £8 houselot & orchard in Beverly ('except two acres of land out of the said lot, which I do give & set over unto my son-in-law Isaack Davis, they to pay rent to John Sr.') and two acres meadow in Topsfield.
"Administration granted 20 July 1675 to John, so of John Black, intestate; ordered to pay 50s. to each of his three sisters, Eliza Kimboll, Pearcis Follett and Lydia Davis. The inventory, taken 12 April 1675 by Thomas Lathrop and John Hill, amounted to £11 10s., and included no real estate.
"BIRTH: About 1591 (at Salem Quarterly Court for 9 September 1645, the court exempted from training 'John Black being poor & aged 54; note this would make Black thirty-eight years old in 1629, when we first see him with a family).
"DEATH: 16 March 1674/5 (from inventory)
"MARRIAGE: _____ _____; about July 1646 the 'wife of John Blak' gave evidence in court against the wife of Thomas Oliver of Salem.
"CHILDREN: [as they appear in my record]
"COMMENTS: John Black of Salem has been assigned wife Susanna, by confusion with the non-existent John Black of Charlestown. Clarence Almon Torrey, in his article on the many marriages of Elizabeth Black, has some other useful comments on the family of John Black (but includes this incorrect information on Susanna).
"In the 1637 grant of marsh and meadow, Black was recorded with a household of four; this accords nicely with the known family of John Black, his wife, and daughters Elizabeth and Persis."

"The Probate Records of Essex County, Massachusett, Vol. III 1675-1681 1606 - 1645 Susanna Freeman 39 39 All of the Gilbert histories state they do not know her maiden name and refer to only as Susanna Black. Robert C. Anderson in his "The Great Migration Begins" (1995) states that there is no evidence to even refer to Susanna, as there is no record of John Black's wife.
 1754 - 1813 David Joy 58 58 The  children  of  David  and  Hannah   Partridge   Joy   were   as   follows:      All   but   the   last,    the    "  beloved  Benjamin  "  of  the  flock,  were  born  in  Guilford,  Vermont.
  1.  Patience,  was  born  Aug.  3d,  1777.    She  married  Benjamin  Chase, and  died in  1849.
  2.  Hannah,    was    born    April    22d,    1780.        She        married  Jonathan  Cobb,  and  died  in   1836.
  3.  Polly,  was    born    November    27th,   1782.     She     married  Luther  St.  John,  and  died  in  1853.
  4.  Thaddeus,    was     born    Jan.    21st,     1785.      He      married  Huldah  Miles  in  1807,  and  died  in  1853.
  5.  Comfort,    was    born    April     23d,    1787.       He       married    first,   Mary   Breiner,   in   1810.      Second,   Mrs.   Cynthia  Thorndyke,  in  1845, and  died  in  1869.
  6.  Arad,  was   born   April   5th,   1790.    He   married   Catharine  Fisher  in  1  <S14, and  died  in  1872.
  7.  Ira,   was   born   July    13th,   1792.    He   married   Clarissa  Ludlow  in  1815 and  died  in   1873.
   8.  Harriet,    was     born     Dec.    20th,     1794.      She      married  Lemuel  Downs,  and  died  in   1875.
   9.  Almira,  was  born  June  28th,  1797.    She  married  James  Townley,  and  died  in  1827.
  10.  Benjamin,  was   born   in  Fabius,  Onondaga   Co.,   New  York,  June   23d,   1800.    He   married   Susan   More-house  in  1823,  and  died  in  1868.

1757 - 1830 Hannah Partridge 73 73 1732 - 1821 Jasper Partridge 89 89 1737 - 1767 Mary Rice 30 30 1773 - 1838 Thomas Ludlow 65 65 1768 - 1849 Julia Norris 81 81 1743 - 1809 Henry Ludlow 66 66 1750 Hannah Cooper 1724 - 1809 David Joy 85 85 In 1759,  David  Joy  (second)  served  in  the  French  war,  and  in  1766   removed   with   his  family  from   Rehoboth   to   Guilford,  Vermont,   a  town   adjoining   Brattleboro.    He  died  at  his  son  Abiather's,  in  Herkimer  Co. New  York,  in 1809,  aged  85.

Nine children were born in Rehoboth and  two in Vermont.
  1. John,  born  April  27th,   1749.    Died   1837.
  2.  Abel,  born  Oct,  26th,  1750.    Died  1813.
  3.  Sarah,  born  August  23d,  1752.    Died   1773.
  4.  David,   born  July  5th,  1754.    Died  1813.
  5.  Comfort,  born  March  18th,  1756.    Died  1798.
  6.  Elizabeth,  born  Oct.  2d,  1757.
  7.  Jesse,  born  Dec.  28th,  1759.    Died  1821.
  8.  Abiather,  born  March  20th,  1762.    Died   1852.
  9.  Lewis,  born   May  31st,  1764.
10. Benjamin, born in.Guilford, Vermont, 1767.  Died  Young.
11. Elizabeth, born in Guilford, Vermont,1769.  Died   young.
   1725 - 1822 Elizabeth Allen 96 96 1694 - 1739 David Joy 45 45 Removed  to  Rehoboth,  Massachusets, where his  ten  children  were  born.
  1.  Benjamin,  born  May  20th,  1719. 
  2.  Sarah,  born  July  17th,  1720.
  3.  David,  born  April  5th,  1723.    Died   young.
  4.  David,   born  Dec.  16th,  1724.
  5.  Obadiah,  born  Jan.  18th,  1726.
  6.  Ruth,  born  Oct.  12th,  1728.
  7. Tabitha,  born  March  30th,  1732.
  8.  Lois,  born   May  29th,   1734.
  9. Ephraim,  born  July  13th,  1737.
10.  Deborah,  born  Sept.   3d,  1738.  1698 - 1795 Ruth Ford 96 96 1668 - 1716 Joseph Joy 47 47 1665 - 1743 Elizabeth Andrews 77 77 1645 - 1697 Joseph Joy 52 52 Their  children  were  born  in  Hingham.
  1.  Joseph,, born  July  31st,  1668.   Married  Elizabeth  Andrews,  May  26th,  1690.
   2.  Thomas,  born  Nov.  25th,  1669.    Died   11th  Oct.  1718.
   3.  Margaret,  born    March    6th,   1670.    Died   June,   1671.
   4.  Margaret,  born  April  15th,  1672.    Died June  1st,  1672.
   5.  Mary,  born  May  19th,  1673.
   6. John,  born   August   28th,  1675.    Died   Oct.   7th,   1675.
   7.  Benjamin,  born  Sept.   19th,  1676.
   8.  John,  born  Oct. 10th,  1678.  Died July  17th, 1680.
   9.  Simon,  born  Nov.   1st,  1679.    Married   Hannah   Humphrey, Feb.  9th,  1721. 
  10.  Sarah,  born  April   14th,  1681.    Married   Nath.   Cud worth,  Feb.   14th,  1704.
   11.  Jonathan,  born  Dec.  22d,  1682.    Died  June  1st,  1682.
   12.  Margaret,  born  Dec.  14th,  1683.    Married  John  Chubbuck,  June  5th,  1707.
   13.  Deborah,  born  Jan.  14th,  1685.
   14.  Ruth,  born  Nov.  27th,  1687.    Died  March  28th,  16S8.
   15.  Lydia,   born   March   12th,   1689.    Died    March    27th,  1689. 1649 - 1726 Mary Prince 76 76 1609 - 1678 Thomas Joy 69 69 1618 - 1691 Joan Gallop 72 72 Daughter  of  John  Gallop,  who  was  an  Indian  trader;  and  who,  as  well  as  his   son:  also  named  John,  was  renowned  as  an  Indian    fighter.    Both    of  them   served  in  the   Pequot  War,  and  received   large grants   of  land   in  consequence   of  their   services.     John     Gallop,  Jr.,  married   Hannah  Lake,  a  niece  of   Governor   Winthrop,  and  was  one  of  the  six  captains  killed  in  the  fearful   swamp   fight   at  Narragansett,   Dec.  19th,   1675.   He  left  four  sons and  five  daughters.    Two  of  his grandsons were  engaged  in   some  of  the  earliest  struggles  during  the  war   for   independence,  and  were  both   field   officers in  1777.  John  Gallop,  Senior,  owned  a  good  deal  of  property  in  Boston.      An  island   containing   16  acres,  called   Gallop's  Island,  belonged  to  him.  ~1583 Thomas Joy ~1587 Frances Paulet 1666 - 1749 Deacon Joseph Ford 83 83 1671 - 1735 Lois Stetson 64 64 1633 - 1722 Deacon William Ford 88 88 The William Ford Family Bibliography Banks, Charles E., English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers, Baltimore: Genealogica Davis, Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth. DeForest, L. Effingham, Moore and Allied Families, p. 264. Handwritten paper in the Priscilla Jones Collection at the Penobscot Marine Museum in Searspo Savage, James, Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, Baltimore: Genea Stratton, Euigene Aubrey, Plymouth Colony, its History and People, 1620-1691, Salt Lake City Willison, George, Saints and Strangers, New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, publishers, p. 445. Winsor, Justin, History of the Town of Duxbury (MA), p. 259. Vital Records of Marshfield, MA, to year 1850, found in the New England Historic Genealogica Vital Records of Pembroke, MA, to year 1850, found in the New England Historic Genealogical Society.

WILLIAM FOORD. JR., born in 1633, having been admitted freeman June 1, 1658, married Nov. 4, 1658, Sarah Dingley; was one of the Marshfield company which went against King Philip in 1675 as appears by letter written by Nathaniel Thomas at Swansea while on the expedition; was ensign in 1685, and having been selectman and deacon of the church at Marshfield died there Feb. 7, 1721, aged eighty-eight years. His will, dated Mar. 18. 1720, and probated Feb. 20, 1721, appoints my son-in-law Thomas Doggett to be executor, leaves beds and furnishings to daughters Mercy Thomas and Elizabeth Doggett, recites that my sons John, Josiah and Joseph, have already received their portions, and provides
that after the decease of my wife Sarah the residue of my estate shall go to my six daughters Mercy Thomas, Sarah Jones, Mary Wilder, Margaret Porter, Experience Doggett and Bethia Barker. His widow Sarah died in Marshfield May 7, 1727.

Their children were:
1. John, b. Aug. 14, 1659, m. perhaps Hannah Sherman;
2. Mercy, b. Apr. 29, 1662, m. Samuel Thomas;
3. Josiah, b. Aug. 15, 1664, m. Sarah;
4. Sarah, m. Jones;
5. Joseph, b. about 1666. m. Lois Stetson;
6. Mary, m. Jabez Wilder;
7. Margaret, m. June 16, 1709, John Porter;
8. Experience, b. 1676, m. Thomas Doggett;
9. Bethiah, b. Feb. 3, 1680, m. John Barker;
10. Bathsheba, b. Feb. 3, 1680, twin, d. Mar. 12, 1680 or 1689.
(Bio by: Scrib & Barb Kelly) 1639 - 1727 Sarah Dingley 87 87 1632 - 1690 Thomas Andrews 58 58 1635 - 1732 Ruth 97 97 1693 - ~1745 Jeremiah Allen 52 52 ~1698 - 1742 Rachel Millard 43 43 1652 - 1723 Benjamin Allen 71 71 1664 - 1694 Rachel Squire 30 30 Created using GenoPro® Click for details.